Title | Tian, Chao_MED_2023 |
Alternative Title | Differentiated Instruction in Chinese Immersion Classrooms: 中文沉浸式课堂中的差异化教学 |
Creator | Tian, Chao; 田超 |
Collection Name | Master of Education |
Description | The following Masters of Education thesis developed a normal level fifth grade curriculum using the fifth-grade Chinese textbook designated by the Utah State Board of Education, and on top of that developed two additional differentiated curriculums for students who struggle and students with high proficiency. |
Abstract | Immersion Chinese Program has been developing in Utah for many years. Every year, more and more students choose this program to learn Chinese. While learning for many years, due to various reasons, students show completely different learning characteristics. Of course, their learning outcomes are also very different. In the upper grades of elementary school, the Chinese proficiency of the students in the same class even show great differences. In order to better help each student obtain a successful learning experience, teachers should adopt effective teaching methods to help individual students at different proficiency levels. Differentiated instruction is one of the effective measures. Records indicate that Chinese immersion teachers in Utah receive little training in differentiated teaching. To explore how to effectively differentiate instruction in a Chinese immersion classroom, I developed a normal level fifth grade curriculum using the fifth-grade Chinese textbook designated by the Utah State Board of Education, and on top of that developed two additional differentiated curriculums for students who struggle and students with high proficiency in my class. With the help of several other Chinese teachers at different grades, they have been modified to better meet the needs of all students. |
Subject | Second language learning and teaching; Curriculum planning; Language and languages--Study and teaching |
Keywords | bilingualism; immersion education; dual language immersion program; Chinese immersion program; differentiated instruction; differentiated curriculum |
Digital Publisher | Stewart Library, Weber State University, Ogden, Utah, United States of America |
Date | 2023 |
Medium | Theses |
Type | Text |
Access Extent | 64 page pdf; 1 MB |
Language | eng; zho |
Rights | The author has granted Weber State University Archives a limited, non-exclusive, royalty-free license to reproduce their theses, in whole or in part, in electronic or paper form and to make it available to the general public at no charge. The author retains all other rights. |
Source | University Archives Electronic Records: Master of Education. Stewart Library, Weber State University |
OCR Text | Show Differentiated Instruction in Chinese Immersion Classrooms 中文沉浸式课堂中的差异化教学 by Chao Tian 田超 A project submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF EDUCATION with an emphasis in CURRICULUM AND INSTRUCTION WEBER STATE UNIVERSITY Ogden, Utah May 15, 2023 Approved Louise R. Moulding, Ph.D. DeeDee Mower, Ph.D. Ruthanne Keller, M.Ed. Differentiation in DLI Classrooms 2 Acknowledgements Three years ago, Dr. Moulding's trust and encouragement gave me the courage to start my graduate study at Weber. I would like to thank the professors at Weber. Their classes opened my eyes. I learned how the American education system works and how to better help the students in my Chinese immersion class from them. Thank them for their patience in teaching and helping me. I am grateful for my parents, who have always valued education. My mother is a great mother. She did not flinch when facing the serious illness. She always encourages me to overcome difficulties and cheers me on. She sets a good example for my family. I feel beyond blessed to have married my husband, Zhilong, who has supported me in all of my educational and professional endeavors for the past 20 years. I’m thankful for my daughter, Kennedy, who has encouraged me and supported me. I am appreciative of my five-year-old daughter, Selina, who has patiently called me and sung for me to express her love, even though we are apart from each other for years because of pandemic. Finally, I would like to thank many people who have contributed to the bilingual immersion program in Utah, especially Chinese immersion program. As one of them, I deeply understand that we have being encountering many difficulties in this process, but no one backs down and everyone is actively working hard to try to create a good learning environment for our students and provide good teaching instruction. I would like to thank all the people who participated in this project, especially the teachers who provided feedback on my curriculums, Haiqing Yu, Jiashu Lei, Jing Xie, Joshua Law, and Vicki Carlile. I am deeply indebted to my old principals, Chris Whitaker and Ruthanne Keller for supporting me. Differentiation in DLI Classrooms 3 Abstract Immersion Chinese Program has been developing in Utah for many years. Every year, more and more students choose this program to learn Chinese. While learning for many years, due to various reasons, students show completely different learning characteristics. Of course, their learning outcomes are also very different. In the upper grades of elementary school, the Chinese proficiency of the students in the same class even show great differences. In order to better help each student obtain a successful learning experience, teachers should adopt effective teaching methods to help individual students at different proficiency levels. Differentiated instruction is one of the effective measures. Records indicate that Chinese immersion teachers in Utah receive little training in differentiated teaching. To explore how to effectively differentiate instruction in a Chinese immersion classroom, I developed a normal level fifth grade curriculum using the fifth-grade Chinese textbook designated by the Utah State Board of Education, and on top of that developed two additional differentiated curriculums for students who struggle and students with high proficiency in my class. With the help of several other Chinese teachers at different grades, they have been modified to better meet the needs of all students. Keywords: bilingualism, immersion education, dual language immersion program, Chinese immersion program, differentiated instruction, differentiated curriculum Differentiation in DLI Classrooms 4 Table of Contents Literature Review ...................................................................................................................... 6 Language Education....................................................................................................... 7 Bilingualism ....................................................................................................... 7 Language Immersion Education ........................................................................ 7 Utah’s DLI Program ........................................................................................... 9 Effective Implementation of DLI ..................................................................... 10 Differentiated Instruction ............................................................................................. 11 Summary ...................................................................................................................... 14 Purpose..................................................................................................................................... 15 Method ..................................................................................................................................... 16 Context ......................................................................................................................... 16 Procedure ..................................................................................................................... 17 Peer Feedback .............................................................................................................. 17 Developed Curriculum ............................................................................................................. 19 References ................................................................................................................................ 27 Appendix A: Fifth Grade Unit 3, Chapter 1, Differentiated Instruction Curriculum .............. 31 Appendix B: Survey for Feedback........................................................................................... 64 Appendix C: IRB Approval ..................................................................................................... 65 Differentiation in DLI Classrooms 5 Differentiated Instruction in Chinese Immersion Classrooms Like all classrooms, students in dual language education classrooms come from families with different academic knowledge, skills, and language and cultural backgrounds (Magogwe & Oliver, 2007). Students do have many things in common, but they also have important differences (Tomlinson, 2017) including differences in motivation, ability, needs, and interests (Peppler, 2017). The differences in these aspects will inevitably lead to their asynchrony in their academic development. In addition, the broad nature of dual language immersion (DLI) education enrollment determines the diversity of its students. Because the cognitive benefits associated with bilingualism are beneficial to all students, the program attracts a large diversity of students, including English learners, gifted and talented students, and those enrolled in special education with documented legal disabilities on Individualized Education Plans (IEPs) or 504 plans. There is no solid research that would support prohibiting children with special needs from immersion programs (Fortune & Menke, 2010). With such a diverse student body, it is inevitable that there are differences in language learning proficiencies. One-size-fits-all instruction in which teachers use the same teaching materials (Morgan et al., 2015) and strategies for all students, neglects the diverse needs of students (Fox & Hoffman, 2011; Subban, 2006). This approach is based on the assumption that all students can be treated in an equal way (Seow & Hughes, 2005) and learn from the same instructional strategy. Unfortunately, some teachers do not fully consider the diversity of students and cannot meet the learning needs of different students. In the case of using onesize-instruction, although the teacher wants all students to participate, the impact of the Differentiation in DLI Classrooms 6 curriculum is actually very poor, and the students’ enthusiasm for learning is very low (Westwood, 2008). Growing student diversity in today’s classrooms, including DLI classrooms calls for appropriate instructional strategies (Suprayogi et al., 2017). One of the well-researched solutions is to adopt differentiated instruction. Schools and teachers have the responsibility to adjust to the different developmental needs and the varying academic levels of individual learners (George, 2005; Moore, 2005; Tomlinson et al., 2003). Differentiated teaching is considered a pedagogical principle of teaching (Laari et al., 2019). It is one of the key methods of providing individualized instruction to a diverse student body (McTighe & Brown, 2010; Santamaria, 2009) and selecting appropriate teaching methods (Wakefield, 2002; Campbell et al., 2004). Tomlinson (2017) stated what we share makes us human, but how we differ makes us individuals. In a classroom with little or no differentiated instruction, only student similarities take center stage. In a differentiated classroom, commonalities are acknowledged and built upon, and student differences become important elements in teaching and learning. Even if the same teaching material is used, teachers can make appropriate modifications according to the different levels of the students, turning it into diverse materials that can meet the different cognitive levels of students. Literature Review Today's world is increasingly global in business and commerce, with companies from all walks of life having their own offices around it. In addition, more individuals are voluntarily going abroad to study or work. Genesee (2003) stated that electronic communication through the Internet has increased the need for speakers of more than one language. Language learning is gradually becoming a necessity. Differentiation in DLI Classrooms 7 Language Education Schools around the world place great emphasis on language education. Most elementary schools in Europe offer students an education in a second, third or even fourth language, often through language immersion. Rhodes and Pufahl (2009) stated that in the United States, foreign language education has typically been concentrated at the secondary level with surveys showing that approximately 91% of high schools and 58% of middle schools offer courses in foreign languages. Less than one-third of elementary schools in the United States offer foreign language instruction and it's only a second language instruction called bilingualism. Bilingualism It is important to note that bilingual learning is not as simple as "1+1=2". Cummins (1981) stated that “the bilingual is not the sum of two complete or incomplete monolinguals; rather he or she has a unique and specific linguistic configuration” (p. 3). This unique configuration gives bilinguals cognitive flexibility, an intellectual advantage that involves enhanced abilities to solve problems and process abstract information (Bialystok et al., 2000). There are many benefits to being bilingual. Tedick (2012a) stated fully proficient bilinguals exhibit increased problem-solving skills, pattern recognition, and divergent thinking, with greater cognitive flexibility and enhanced sensitivity to verbal and non-verbal cues. Research by Bialystok (as cited in Tedick, 2012a) showed that bilingual children were able to solve problems with conflicting or misleading information at an earlier age and more quickly than monolinguals, demonstrating greater executive control and enhanced inhibitory control. Language Immersion Education Immersion language education is developing rapidly in the United States. Johnson and Swain (1997) stated that immersion is a relatively new development within bilingual Differentiation in DLI Classrooms 8 education, but it is an option (and a term) that is being adopted more and more widely. Collier and Thomas (2004) pointed out DLI schools in the United States have become a popular method of school choice, offering both language majority and minority speaking students a chance to learn in two languages. Immersion has steadily increased over the past four decades. Taking Mandarin immersion program in the United States as an example, it can be seen that immersion schools are developing rapidly. In recent years, the number of schools offering DLI in Mandarin and English has increased exponentially, becoming one of the most highly sought types of immersion, second only to Spanish. Today, over 300 immersion programs are taught in Mandarin, including 42 schools with the entire curricula delivered entirely in Mandarin (Weise, 2019). Immersion programs provide content-based instruction (CBI), which means that the target language is a tool for teaching academic content such as math, language arts, science, or social studies. It is different from a language focused program or an exploratory language program, which is focusing teaching a language. Snow (2005) explained content-based instruction can be offered through several models including theme-based, in which language skills are taught around topics or themes; sheltered, in which instructors use special strategies for making input comprehensible; and adjunct, in which a language course and a content course are linked for instruction. In Pathways to Multilingualism: Evolving Perspectives on Immersion Education, Fortune and Tedick (2008) argued that there are three immersion program types: one-way (foreign language), two-way (bilingual) and indigenous language immersion. These types have much in common despite their different contexts. The Chinese immersion program in Utah is a one-way immersion program. Most of the students know nothing about target language before they enroll in this program. Tedick and colleagues (2011) argued that oneway immersion programs enroll linguistically homogeneous students who are typically Differentiation in DLI Classrooms 9 dominant in the majority language and have no or minimal immersion language (IL) proficiency on program entry. Utah’s DLI Program Utah’s DLI programs have been founded upon research in the areas of second language acquisition and immersion education. Lyster (2007) addressed dual language and immersion education as a form of bilingual education that aims for additive bilingualism by providing students with a sheltered classroom environment in which they receive at least half of their subject- matter instruction through the medium of a language that they are learning as a second, foreign, heritage, or indigenous language. Fortune and Tedick (2008) expanded this definition by carefully qualifying immersion programs with five criteria: (1) use of the target language for 50% of the day in elementary school or with at least two year-long content courses in the target language during the secondary grades, (2) promotion of additive bilingualism and biliteracy, (3) employment of teachers who are completely proficient in the language(s) they teach, (4) support for the students’ first language, and (5) clear separation of teacher use of instructional languages. (p. 10) According to the statement from Utah State Board of Education and Davis School District webpage, Utah DLI Program uses a fifty-fifty model, in which students spend half of their school day in the target language and the other half-day in English. Most of the state’s immersion programs begin in first grade, with a few beginnings in kindergarten. All statesponsored schools with DLI programs are required to implement the fifty-fifty model and use two teachers, one who instructs exclusively in the target language for half of the day and a second who teaches in English for the remainder of the day. Differentiation in DLI Classrooms 10 Effective Implementation of DLI Three goals of DLI education are “bilingualism/biliteracy, cross-cultural understanding, and high academic achievement for all” (Palmer, 2007, p. 752). Knowing these three goals, it is important for immersion teachers to design curriculum that meets them. The teaching content of the immersion program not only includes language knowledge, but also adds cultural content to the usual learning. It is equally important to cultivate students' cross-cultural understanding ability. Met (2004) explained that best practice for language learning requires time, cognitive engagement, real-life motivation, continuity of learning, and cultural interaction. DLI aims for best practice in each of these areas. Further distinguishing features of well-implemented programs of immersion, according to Fortune and Tedick (2008), include the following: content-driven and language-attentive curriculum; integrated language, culture, and content. Tedick and Fortune (2012) stated that a well-implemented program has a content- driven and language-attentive curriculum including corrective feedback techniques; explicit attention to lexical features within content-driven, communicatively oriented instruction; and instruction of grammatical structures with the opportunity for meaningful use of those structures in the context. Culture is integrated into language and content so that students gain “cultural competence for global citizenship” (Tedick, 2012b). Though teaching the target language culture is essential, the culture of the classroom mirrors that of the local community and embraces the cultures of all students in the program (Tedick, 2012b). How can teachers better carry out immersion classroom teaching? We teachers should provide suitable challenges for students. Too hard challenges may make students feel confused, too easy challenges may make students feel bored. Suitable challenges hook students’ interest. At the same time, teachers should adopt appropriate teaching strategies to help students learn better, such as scientifically grouping, designing learning activities that Differentiation in DLI Classrooms 11 can arouse students' interest, setting up questions that can inspire students to think and discuss, and so on. Fortune and Tedick (2008) also stated well-implemented programs of immersion also needed to pay attention to cognitively and linguistically challenging tasks; instructional strategies with scaffolding; interactions with peer-peer communication; and cooperative learning techniques to build relationships. The final evaluation system and the works produced by students should be able to test whether students can use the language they have learned to communicate or to solve new problems. Students should be expected to complete final products for tasks that are both cognitively and linguistically challenging with a balanced use of instructional scaffolding and a language-rich environment. Teachers should encourage peer to peer interaction, cooperative learning experiences, and extended use of the immersion language, while providing for a distinct separation of languages in which the teacher uses the immersion language only during instructional time (Tedick, 2012b). Differentiated Instruction The concept of differentiated instruction is based on the need for general education teachers to differentiate instruction to meet the needs of diverse learners in the general education class; this includes students with learning disabilities as well as a number of other disabilities (Bender, 2008). Tomlinson (1999) defined differentiated instruction as “a teacher’s response to learner’s needs guided by general principles of differentiation such as respectful tasks, flexible grouping, and ongoing assessment and adjustment.” (p.15). Tomlinson (2014) stated differentiated classrooms supported students who learn in different ways and at different rates and who bring to school different talents and interests. Such classrooms work better for a wide range of students than do one-size-fit-all setting. Young (2019) stated one-size-fits-all education is teacher-centered, unified training program, outline, teaching materials, test questions, graduation standards, etc., suitable for large-scale Differentiation in DLI Classrooms 12 streamlined education. If teachers use one-size-fits-all strategies, the instruction is not tailored for each child’s social, emotional, and academic needs. Education has traditionally been approached using a “one size fits all” model, wherein students are subjected to the same teaching styles and evaluation methods irrespective of their ability or interest. Our one-sizefits-all model of traditional education has been based on the false idea that every student in class is performing at the same level academically, behaviorally, and socially and that they all need the same things. As a result, many students are bored, frustrated, or not able to access the learning. Nehring (1992) lamented: We assume in this country that all kids are the same. Of course, no educated adult would ever say that, but the assumption is clearly there. It is embedded in our school system.... We force all kids through the same mold. If there is one thing on which both research and common sense agree, it is that kids are not the same, that they learn in different ways, that they respond to different kinds of incentives. (p. 156) One-size-fits-all instruction only provides students one single level curriculum which can’t meet all students’ need. If a student engages in a curriculum that is well beyond that student's level of readiness, stress results, and the brain overproduces key neurotransmitters that student produces a number of neurotransmitters that facilitates rather than impedes learning (Howard, 1994; Jensen, 1998; White & Milner, 1992). Tomlinson and Kalbfleisch (1997) contended that to learn, students must experience appropriate levels of challenge. The trouble with a one-size-fits-all classroom is that the lesson is pitched at a single challenge level, virtually ensuring that many students will be overchallenged or underchallenged and, therefore, will not learn. According to previous research, differentiated teaching decreases learning difficulties, improves learning outcomes, and offers students experiences of success (Kanevsky & Keighley, 2010; Karadag & Yasar, 2010; Reis et al., 2011). In a differentiated classroom, the teacher enhances students' Differentiation in DLI Classrooms 13 successful learning experiences by selecting instructional materials appropriate to their level and designing activities that students enjoy based on their interests, etc. Differentiated instruction taps into student interest to foster intrinsic motivation, attends to differences in readiness and learning preference, accounts for students’ prior knowledge, provides appropriate entrance points, and continuously integrates formative assessment and feedback (Tomlinson et al. 2008; Tomlinson & Allan 2000). Differentiated instruction actively engages students in processes of learning by discussing ideas, interpreting meaning, and constructing knowledge while also providing for individual student differences (e.g., Bunce 2001; Gordon 2008). In differentiated instruction, there are many ways for students to process information and demonstrate their understanding or competence. Teachers provide students with a variety of learning activities, make them express their own ideas, help them make sense or develop their understanding. A differentiated classroom provides different avenues to acquiring content, to processing or making sense of ideas, and to developing products so that each student can learn effectively (Tomlinson, 2017). In a differentiated classroom, teachers use different methods to deliver and process teaching content according to students' levels and learning situations and have different requirements for the final products produced by different students, so that each student can have a successful learning experience. Teachers should start with their students’ known knowledge, and gradually lead them to the unknown world with the teaching methods that students like. At the same time, teachers use formative evaluation to help students check their learning effects, and teachers can also continuously adjust their teaching through feedback. When teachers use formative assessment to drive differentiation, student engagement inevitably increases. If teachers use formative assessment effectively, they can differentiate to provide “just-in-time”instruction Differentiation in DLI Classrooms 14 that students truly need and find relevant. Timely and relevant instruction produces higher student engagement (Miller, 2015). From the book, How to Differentiate Instruction in Academically Diverse Classrooms, Tomlinson (2017) argued, Differentiated instruction is proactive, more qualitative than quantitative, rooted in assessment, taking multiple approaches to content, process, and product, student centered, a blend of whole-class, group, and individual instruction, and dynamic. The teacher needs to understand the principles of differentiated teaching, be familiar with the learning needs of each student, establish appropriate learning goals for them, can do flexible grouping, and knows multiple approaches to help students learn content, diagnostic pre-assessment to analyze the situation of students, and take formative assessments to help students improve. (Tomlinson, 2017) A differentiated classroom is student-centered. From what to teach, how to teach to how to evaluate, it is all about differentiated. In this process, there are really many factors that teachers need to consider. It is not easy for teachers to implement differentiated teaching well. Teachers who differentiate provide specific alternatives for individuals to learn as deeply as possible and as quickly as possible, without assuming one student’s road map for learning is identical to anyone else’s. They begin with a clear and solid sense of what constitutes powerful curriculum and engaging instruction (Tomlinson, 2014). To effectively implement differentiated instruction in the classroom, teachers need to know their students very well. According to the level of students and the difficulty of teaching materials, different learning routes and differentiated curriculums are designed for students at different levels. Summary In immersion program teaching, to provide the best learning experience for students of different levels, teachers can develop differentiation in teaching content, selection of Differentiation in DLI Classrooms 15 teaching materials, application of teaching strategies, and establishment of evaluation systems. The selection of teaching materials should conform to the proficiency level of the students, which can be divided into three levels: difficult, medium, and easy. Instructional strategies are adopted with the aim of best assisting students in their learning. For example, to better serve students at different levels, we should pay attention to grouping students with better levels and those with lower levels together so that they can help each other. Another example is when designing discussion questions between groups, it is necessary to set up questions that meet the student's level. The questions can be divided into three levels: difficult, medium, and easy. The evaluation in the learning process should be more suitable for different levels of students and form a differentiated evaluation, to protect students' enthusiasm for learning. The differentiation of evaluation can be in the form of differentiation and can also use completely different evaluation content to evaluate students of different levels. DLI classrooms should focus on meeting the needs of each student through differentiation. Differentiation can focus on content, process, or assessment. Within a DLI classroom this means that students have choice, are placed in flexible groups, and can show what they know in a variety of ways. Purpose Learning differences is a common problem faced by Chinese immersion teachers of the upper grades in the teaching process. With the prolongation of Chinese learning time, many students have differences in learning, and their proficiency in Chinese is uneven. Enabling students of all levels to have a successful learning experience in their own classrooms has become an urgent problem for all upper grade Chinese teachers. The purpose of this project is to develop differentiated Chinese language curriculum that can scaffold learning for diverse students while learning Chinese in an immersive setting. Differentiation in DLI Classrooms 16 In this project, I developed multi-level lesson plans that could meet a wide range of skill levels. The differentiated fifth grade curriculum designed through the program is available for discussion and use by other Chinese immersion program teachers. Method To address the issue of the varying levels of students in my two Chinese immersion classes, I used the content from Mandarin Matrix Unit 3 of Grade 5 to design and develop three different levels of instructional curriculums: one for the students at the normal Grade 5 level, one for the students at Grade 3 level, and one for students at Grade 6 or 7 level. Then I asked four Chinese immersion teachers in Grades 2-8 to give their suggestions if those curriculums were appropriate, and based on their comments, further adjustments were made to make these curriculums more relevant to meet the needs of students at all levels. Context I have been teaching different grades since I began to teach Chinese immersion students. I taught Kindergarten three years, fourth grade one year, sixth grade two years, and I am currently teaching two 5th grade Chinese immersion classes, one with 23 students and the other with 24 students. This is the second time for me to teach these students because they were my old kindergarteners. Comparing with five years ago, these students have undergone great changes in learning Chinese. The Chinese proficiency of the 47 students varies greatly. According to the students’ AAPPL test scores, formative and summative assessment data, and their performance in the classroom observed by me and my partner teacher, about nine students are at the level of the third grade, 29 students are at the fifth grade level, and nine students have reached the sixth and seventh grade level. These students vary widely in their interests, learning approaches, and level of acceptance of knowledge in Chinese. Through communicating with my English partner, I found that the students' Chinese proficiency is directly proportional to the development of their English proficiency. Those with lower levels Differentiation in DLI Classrooms 17 of Chinese are often at a disadvantage in English as well. We often discuss together how we can better help them. Procedure I used the first chapter of Unit 3 of Mandarin Matrix Limited (2021) in the fifth grade as the teaching content to design three series of one-week differentiated curriculums (Appendix A). These three series of differentiated curriculums can be applied to students of three different levels: high, middle, and low. When designing these differentiated curriculums, I made the teaching materials, teaching methods and assessments differentiated to develop the curriculum so that they can better meet the needs of students at different levels. Then I invited four experienced Chinese immersion teachers from different grades to read my curriculums and give feedbacks (Appendix B). When asking them for feedback, I asked them to focus on whether the learning materials I use could arouse students' interest in learning, whether the designed learning tasks could meet their students’ needs, and whether the teaching methods could help their students to learn better, whether the assessment would be good to test the level of students and help teachers better collect data and do self-reflection. Then according to their opinions, I modified the curriculums. Peer Feedback Four DLI Chinese teachers were asked to review the curriculum and provide feedback. I designed a form to collect the feedback from them. The questions what I asked are, • In general, what are the advantages of the curriculums that you are reviewing? • In general, what other aspects does it need to improve? • In Day 1 curriculum, based on teaching contents, learning activities, formative assessments, etc., is it suitable for your students? • In Day 1 curriculum, what need to be improved? • In Day 2, 3, 4 and 5 curriculums, the same questions will be asked. Differentiation in DLI Classrooms 18 Developed Curriculum In this project, I used the teaching content of the first chapter of Unit 3 in Mandarin Matrix (2021), designed and developed five instructional lessons for the students at the fifthgrade level. They were designed in chronological order, from Day 1 to Day 5. At the same time, according to the actual situation of students who struggle and students with high proficiency in our classes, another two sets of curricula plan suitable for them were also developed. Tomlinson (1999) stated teachers could differentiate content, process, and product according to students’ readiness, interests, and learning profile. When I developed the curriculum, I mainly differentiated what to teach, how to teach, and how to evaluate. I began with differentiating the establishment of essential questions and final assessments for the students of different levels. Then I set different learning goals according to the specific situation of the three different levels of students. What I need to point out here is that when helping the three different level students set their learning goals, it is based on my high expectations for all of them. Only by allowing different students to receive appropriate challenges can all students be motivated to learn, so that they can finally all gain something. Those who are lacking proficiency are still expected to achieve at the best for them. In each step of learning, suitable learning materials have been prepared for students of different levels. When proposing learning tasks, the requirements for students are also on three different levels. In addition, when conducting learning activities in groups, pay attention to scientifically grouping students at three different levels, so that students at different levels can perform their duties in the group, coordinate with each other, and help each other. For the Differentiation in DLI Classrooms 19 formative evaluation in the curriculum, differentiated evaluations were also adopted according to different students to protect students' interest and enthusiasm for Chinese learning. There are two essential questions for normal 5th grade level students. One is to compare the similarities and differences between Chinese and American students’ birthdays. By understanding how Chinese parents celebrate their babies’ birthdays, analyze how it reflects the emotion of Chinese parents towards their children? Fifth graders are capable to talk about more complicated topics, so two essential questions were set. I removed the second more difficult question for the students who are struggling, mainly because the language accumulations of these students could not support them to a great extent to say a lot on the second essential question. For students with higher proficiency, I added another essential question, what is the symbolic meaning of the way Chinese parents celebrate their baby’s birthday, including full month feast, 100th day banquet or one-year-old catch (zhuazhou), etc.? This purpose is to guide students understand the essence behind the phenomenon and to think about how Chinese traditional culture is reflected in daily life. The final assessment for 5th grade level students is that they need to compare the similarities and differences between Chinese and American children’s birthdays through PowerPoint, drawings, posters, etc. in groups. They can report in an oral or a written way. This allows students to choose the best way which is suitable for them to report according to their own preferences, which helps to enhance their interest. I removed the written form for the students who struggle because they have not accumulated enough vocabulary in terms of writing, so they can report orally. The final assessment for students with higher proficiency is Differentiation in DLI Classrooms 20 to do a presentation about one of the Chinese cultural phenomena, including the full month feast, the 100-day banquet, or one-year-old catch (zhuazhou), in groups through PowerPoint, drawing, posters, etc., and report to the class in oral or written form. The purpose of changing the final assessment is to help the students with high proficiency have a deeper understanding of Chinese culture through the construction and learning of background knowledge in the PowerPoint. The extended reading materials can help them better prepare for the AP exam, which will be taken in the future. Because this group of students is at a higher level, I also wanted to develop and practice their self-learning and reading skills by studying the extended reading materials. Day 1 lesson is about background knowledge building. It is a way to connect the content of the unit with students' previous experience, to arouse students' interest, and to help them recall old knowledge they have learned in the past. I have the proficient fifth graders use think-pair-share to talk about how they spent/will spend their birthday this year, and then share how their friends in the group spent/will spend their birthday this year. They use this learning activity to practice narrating things in the third person. At the same time, it let students experience that the expressions of past and future tenses in Chinese are different from those in English. (Because some students in the class have already had their birthdays this year and some have not.) Tomlinson (2017) argued differentiating content according to readiness meant matching the material or information you were asking students to learn to a student's current proficiency in reading and understanding. For students who are struggling, I removed the use of the third person to practice narrating events in this session and focused only on practicing the first person to reduce the difficulty and make it appropriate for the Differentiation in DLI Classrooms 21 students who are at the third-grade level. I did not give the students with higher level available sentence patterns as the others; they should be able to organize their own language to narrate their birthday with their friends. In addition, I added another “why” question for them, aiming to get the students with higher proficiency level to think deeply. I also showed students a PowerPoint presentation on how Chinese people celebrate their babies’ birthdays, including the cultural aspects of Chinese parents celebrating their babies' full month, 100 days, and one year. The purpose is to add background knowledge about Chinese culture related to this unit and to give students a better understanding of Chinese culture. For the students who are at higher proficiency level, it is very useful. It can help them learn and understand the authentic Chinese culture and better prepare for AP Chinese examination in the future. The feedback that I received on the first day’s lesson plan was it was better for the students who struggle to practice only one tense, either the past tense or the future tense, in the learning activity. In this way, the third-grade level students can master one grammatical tense at a time. It is easier for them to learn and master grammar. So, I removed the practice of the past tense from this speaking exercise and kept only the practice of the future tense. Day 2 lesson is a picture walk of this chapter. Let the students get familiar with the story in the text by doing picture walk and using a question-and-answer format to practice students' skills in the areas such as insight, analysis, summary, and speculation, while preparing them for the next step of reading the text. In this lesson, we are using Nearpod to go through all the pictures in this chapter. Tomlinson (2017) suggested us to ask ourselves if the materials were at an appropriately challenging level of complexity, independence, pacing, Differentiation in DLI Classrooms 22 and so on for all the students who would be using them and making adjustments accordingly. Based on this, the differentiation I made for the three levels students were the amount and the difficulty of vocabulary. The feedback that I got for this lesson was I gave too may new vocabularies to the fifth-grade level students. So, I canceled some vocabularies for them. Another feedback was to use disordered pictures and parts of text to have the students discuss in small groups how these pictures corresponded to the texts. This is used to develop students' critical thinking skill. I added this learning activity to the lesson plan of Day 2. Day 3 lesson is about reading activities, including word searching (skip reading), prereading the text, students reading after teacher, grammar explanation and reading competition. In the word search game, I ask different level students to search different words according to their proficiency levels which is also adapted to Tomlinson's principle of differentiated teaching content. Content can be differentiated in response to a student’s readiness level, interests, or learning profile (Tomlinson, 2017). The feedback I received was that students read the text and then ask and answer questions about each passage, in groups or with pictures of the text, which would allow students to better understand the text. Here is what I adjusted I added one more learning task which is asking and answering questions about the text. This learning task is to let students do higher level thinking and to help students better understand the text. Asking and answering questions to each other in small groups will facilitate students' thinking about the text they are reading and will help them do more deep thinking and understand the text better than the way of teacher asking and students answering. Differentiation in DLI Classrooms 23 Day 4 lesson is about concentrating on consolidating the learning of new words in this unit, from reading new words, practicing forming phrases, making sentences to writing new words. The three-minute reading contest is conducted to promote students' fluency in reading the text. Preparing for the role play and final assessment is a prelude to the next day’s learning. Three different levels of students can give different levels of output in forming phrases and sentences. I prepared different learning materials for the different levels of students in preparing for the role-playing learning activity. Students who struggle are given materials with Pinyin to help them read the lines easier when preparing and performing the role-playing. The requirements for them were also different when preparing the final assignment, emphasizing cooperation among students. For students with higher proficiency level, I ask them to brainstorm their own phrases about the new words first, which would help them connect their previous memories to the new knowledge and help them understand and remember the new words. When making sentences, I ask them to make long and complex sentences with conjunctions. Students with higher level are also required to have a certain logical sequence of language output when they do the final report. We want to make all students do “sense-making activity” during their learning process. Tomlinson (2017) stated any effective activity was essentially a sense-making process, designed to help students progress from a current point of understanding to a more complex level of understanding. Therefore, as teachers, we should put forward suitable learning requirements for students of different levels, so that their learning activities are truly suitable “sense-making activities”. I got one feedback was that she held a different viewpoint on the three-minute quick read of the text. She thinks Chinese is an ideographic text, while English is an epigraphic Differentiation in DLI Classrooms 24 text. But I think that while comprehension comes first in reading Chinese, fluency and speed of reading are also important. So, I kept the three-minute reading in this lesson plan. Day 5 lesson is about reviewing writing new words, testing, correcting students' misunderstandings about the pronunciation and comprehension of the text, and doing a final learning presentation. I have students with higher level write new words, phrases, and longer and complex sentences. Students who struggle only need to write more phrases with new words. And I also provided test questions with Pinyin to better help them understand questions while doing the test. Tomlinson (2017) stated products were a great place to blend and balance teacher ideas for differentiation with a student's own ideas about what would work best to provide the right level of challenge and support. Based on preparation of all my students, for final assessment, students with lower level need to do an oral presentation about on the similarities and differences between Chinese and American children on their birthdays. And I prepared sentence patterns for those who struggle a lot so that they could use them to express themselves, which would help them finish their report. Students with high level need to do a cultural presentation. The purpose is to efficiently expand the students' knowledge and understanding of how Chinese parents celebrate their children's birthdays. The presentation assessment is appropriate to the learning needs of students with higher proficiency level. This is an appropriate challenge for them. The feedback I received was that I could have students of different levels together for the final presentation, but with different requirements. I didn't take this suggestion because it goes against the differentiation of our previous final assessments for different level students. Here are what I decide to do: students can choose their own way of doing the presentation Differentiation in DLI Classrooms that they are comfortable with. Students with higher level are required to write a written presentation. Students with a medium level can give a presentation to the group either in an oral way or a written one. 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Differentiation in DLI Classrooms 31 Appendix A: Fifth Grade Unit 3, Chapter 1, Differentiated Instruction Curriculum Fifth Grade Unit 3 百日宴 第一章 买东西 分层教学教案 我从事中文沉浸式教学已经迈入第八个年头,曾教过三年幼儿园,一年四年 级,两年六年级,今年是我教五年级的第二年。我有幸教过同一届的学生三次, 幼儿园一次,四年级一次,六年级一次。我发现在小学阶段不同的学生的中文学 习变化很大,水平也出现了很大的差异,为了帮助不同水平层次的学生更好地学 习,我对同一教材内容设计了不同层次的差异化教案,以满足不同层次学生的需 求。 下面以五年级第三单元第一章为例,每一课都设计了三种不同层次的教案, 第一个适用于五年级正常水平的学生,第二个适用于低于五年级类似三年级左右 水平的学生,第三个适用于超过五年级已达到六或七年级水平的学生。 这三种不同教案的设计理念是想让老师在同一教室内给全部学生上课时,通 过提供一些不同的学习材料、有差别的教学要求和不同的评估活动来满足不同水 平学生的学习需求。 Differentiation in DLI Classrooms 32 教案一:适用于五年级正常水平学生 Essential Questions: 比较中美小朋友过生日有什么相同点和不同点? 通过对中国父母给宝宝过生日的了解,分析这体现了中国父母对孩子怎样的感情? Final Assessment: 小组可以通过 PPT,画画,海报等方式来比较中美小朋友过生日的相同点和不同点,全 组同学可以用口头或是书面的形式来汇报。 Day 1: Pre-Reading 背景知识链接 目标:1. 我可以用所给的句型表述怎么过生日。 2. 我从老师的 PPT 上,知道中国宝宝过哪些生日,怎么过生日。 Step1: 今天是我们班丽丽同学的生日,我们大家一起唱生日快乐歌给她!(同时把我准 备好的生日礼物送给她!) 丽丽请你说说今天你会/要怎么过生日?爸爸妈妈会做什么, 或者要带你去哪里来庆祝你的生日? 说明:让学生知道“会、要”代表的是将来时,还没有做或计划要做的事。这是中英文 的区别之一!(中英文的不同点就是中文学习的重点!) Step2: Think-Pair-Share 请大家和你们小组的同学说一说,你们今年是怎样过生日的? 八分钟后,请同学们分享你们组的其他同学今年是怎样过生日的。 分享时请使用: 如果你的朋友的生日已经过了: 我的朋友_____的生日是___月___日。他/她和____(谁)去了____(地方)过生日。他/她 的爸爸妈妈送了_____给他。他/她的哥哥(姐姐,弟弟,妹妹) 送了_____给他。(或者 他们给他做了________。) 他/她的生日过得很_______! 如果你的朋友的生日还没有过: 我的朋友_____的生日是___月___日。他/她和____(谁)要去____(地方)过生日。他/她 的爸爸妈妈要/会送_____给他。他/她的哥哥(姐姐,弟弟,妹妹) 要/会送_____给他。 (或者他们要/会给他做________。) 说明:让学生知道“了”代表的是过去时,做过的事;“要/会”代表的是将来时,还 没做的事。这也是中英文的区别之一!这里使用了“分享”一词,旨在增加五年级学生 的词汇。 同时让学生说自己本组内朋友的生日情况旨在锻炼学生运用第三人称来讲述事情的能 Differentiation in DLI Classrooms 33 力。 Step1 和 2 是口语练习,目的是把要讲的主题与学生已知的知识相连接,激发学生的 兴趣,说出自己的生活经历,同时也复习以前学过的知识包括句型和词汇。 Step3: 展示老师做好的有关中国人怎样给小宝宝过生日的 PPT,包括了中国父母给自 己的宝宝庆祝满月,百天,一周岁等文化内容。PPT 中包括图片和视频。 说明:增加与本单元有关的中国文化的背景知识链接目的是让学生了解中国的父母主 要在哪些时间点给自己的孩子庆祝生日,他们会做什么?让学生更好地了解中国文化。 Step4: 通过上一环节 PPT 的学习讨论: 1. 中国父母在孩子一周岁内哪些时间点庆祝孩子的生日?你觉得为什么 选这 些时间点? 2. 中国父母在庆祝时做了什么?你觉得他们为什么这么做? 3. 在庆祝小朋友一周岁时父母为什么要让他们 “抓周” ?这表现了父母 对他们孩子什么样的感情? 说明:通过讨论加深学生对中国文化的理解。 Step5:讨论今天的中文课你有哪些收获?你在中文和中国文化方面学到了什么? 说明:这里使用了“收获”这一词汇,旨在增加五年级学生的词汇量。 Day 2: Pre-Reading 看图说话 说明:通常在第二天做看图说话学习活动时,我常常使用 Nearpod 来进行。好处是学生 可以在自己的 iPad 上把图看得更清楚,而且可以把问题也打上去,便于学生看着回答。 在每个单元的看图说话的环节,有大量让学生比较图片的不同,观察人物的表情和猜测 未来故事的发展等方面的活动旨在锻炼学生的洞察力、分析和推测等方面的能力。 目标:我可以用 Nearpod 对这本书做看图说话。 Step1: Think-Pair-Share 看书的封面,想一想你看到了什么?有几个人,(猜测一下他们可能都是谁?) 在什么 地方?在做什么?他们高不高兴?小男孩为什么在手舞足蹈? (人在什么时候会手舞足 蹈?) 你觉得他为什么这么高兴?再看一下书的名字“百日宴”,前两个字我们认识, 第三个字不认识。 从书名百日宴你可以猜测一下,百日最可能和谁有关?(最可能和这个小宝宝有关,同时 教授这样的小宝宝,我们也叫他们小婴儿。) Differentiation in DLI Classrooms 34 请和你本组的朋友一起讨论,然后再和全班同学一起分享。分享时请组内所有同学都说 说。 说明:这里使用了“手舞足蹈”这一词汇,旨在增加五年级学生的词汇量。通过猜故事, 练习学生的洞察力和推测的能力。 教授“小婴儿”这个词,为后面读这本书做好铺垫。 Step2:看第一章的第一幅图,这张图和封面哪里不同?(这张图上的装饰有什么不一 样?) 通过这个装饰和书名百日宴,你应该可以更好地猜故事了。猜一下他们最可能是在做什 么? 说明:这里使用了“装饰”这一词汇,旨在增加五年级学生的词汇量。同时在比较两张 图的同时也锻炼了学生的比较和分析能力。 Step3: 1. 看书中第二幅图,小男孩在做什么?小婴儿看起来怎么样?你觉得小男 孩为什么这么做?这说明什么? 2. 说说看你的兄弟姐妹对你怎么样?你们家有这么大的小婴儿吗?如果有 你会怎么对他/她? 说明:这里使用了“说明”和“兄弟姐妹”这些词汇,旨在帮助五年级学生积累高级词 汇。同时让学生谈谈自己家庭的兄弟姐妹是让他们把课文跟自己的生活做连结,这样学 生也比较能说出真情实感。 Step4: 看书中第三幅图,日历上圈出的这一天是几月几日?图上小男孩在想什么?他 想着大家要做什么?桌子上会有什么?墙上的红色横幅上写着什么?所以你觉得他们 在庆祝什么? 这些到他家里来的人叫什么人?(客人)他又是什么人?(主人) 说明:这里使用了“横幅”,“庆祝”这两个词汇,旨在增加学生的词汇量。 使用“要”“会”是因为这是将要发生的事。 教授“客人”和“主人”,也是为后面读书做铺垫。 Step5: 看书中第四幅图,爸爸和男孩在讨论什么?你觉得这个蛋糕怎么样?猜测一下 为什么上面会有一只小鸡? 说明:这里使用了“猜测”一词,旨在增加学生的词汇量。这一活动是锻炼学生根据课 文图片进行推测的能力。 Step6: 看书中第五幅图,小男孩在思考什么?你有没有过买东西的经历?你怎么辨别 什么样的东西是好的? 你觉得图画上的香蕉哪些是好的?为什么? 说明:这里使用了“经历”,“辨别”,这些词汇,旨在增加学生的词汇量。这里也做 了课文与学生生活的连结。 Differentiation in DLI Classrooms 35 Step7: 看书中第六幅图,小男孩和妈妈买了什么样的香蕉?你觉得他为什么把一根香 蕉放在他的嘴巴前面? 说明:这里香蕉用了量词“根”,让学生知道香蕉的量词。量词是汉语学习的一个难点。 Step8: 看书中第七幅图,妈妈和小男孩在买什么?看妈妈的篮子里好像已经有很多鸡 蛋了。你觉得他们为什么买那么多鸡蛋? 说明:这里的问题“为什么买那么多鸡蛋?”引起学生的思考,为下文送红鸡蛋埋下伏 笔。 Step9: 看书中第八幅图,小男孩在想什么?你觉得他为什么要算人数? 说明:这里的问题“小男孩为什么算人数?”也为下文送红鸡蛋埋下伏笔。 Step10: 看书中第九幅图,小男孩为什么又把一根玉米放在他的嘴前面?再看看小婴儿 的表情。你觉得小男孩的肚子为什么叫了?推测一下接下来,他们要做什么? 说明:这里玉米也用了量词“根”,让学生知道玉米的量词跟香蕉的一样。一般来说细 长的东西常用量词“根”。同时使用了“推测”一词,增加学生词汇。这一环节也可以 锻炼学生的推测能力。 Step11:通过看图说话,你觉得这是一个什么样的故事?说说你对于这个故事的感想。 说明:通过这一学习活动旨在锻炼学生的总结归纳的能力。 Step12:这里有书中的九副图片和九段文本,但是我们不知道哪一个是第一个,哪一个 是第二个。小组讨论,把正确的图片和文字放在一起,然后将他们按从第一到第九排列 好。 说明:通过这一学习活动旨在锻炼学生的分析,推理和批判性思维能力。 Day 3: Reading 阅读 目标:1. 我知道重叠词的用法。 2.我可以对课文问问题和回答同学的问题。 Step1:Pair Work 学生 AB 两人一组做找字游戏。我会准备一张字的列表,在不让学生看到字的情况下, 每次说出一个字,学生快速浏览课文,两人中能更快找出这个字的学生可以得一分。最 后先得到 20 分的学生是第一名,以此类推可以得到第二名、第三名…… 适合五年级学生的字表是:刚,笑,买,数, 选,百,孩,常,爱,非,样,都,第, 国,请,饭,问,候,漂,听,开,想,叫,些,间,太,黄,绿,拿,见,没,现, 第,得,送,送,答,晚,着,加,起,说,所,点,物,次,但,服,还,跟,吃,但 Differentiation in DLI Classrooms 36 说明:这一任务的目的是练习学生的快速浏览文本的能力,略读的能力。同时也帮助学 生复习和回想以前学过的字词。对于五年级水平的学生我大部分选的是课文中出现的 以前在四年级学过的词汇和一些三年级的需要复习的词汇。 Step2:Small Group Work 学生四人或五人一组在一起预读课文。每人轮流大声读一段课文,遇到自己不会读的字 就用铅笔圈出来,遇到自己不能理解的字词就在其下面划线。 读完后,小组成员间一起讨论他们所有人圈出的字的读音,通过小组内的互相帮助可以 把自己不会读的字的拼音写在字的上面,如果小组内还是不能解决或不把握的字,就把 他们写在教室的白板上,之后全班一起讨论解决。 所有小组都读完后,就那些划线的不理解的字词向其他小组提问,通过小组间的互相帮 助可以解决一些字词,比如那些已经学过但是一部分学生忘记的字词。那些不能解决的 字词老师会在全班学生面前统一讲解。 说明:这一任务的目的是帮助学生找到自己学过但忘记的字词,通过学生之间的互相帮 助回想起他们的读音和意思。这一学习过程可以鼓励学生们进行回想,相互学习和互相 帮助。那些学生和小组之间解决不了的字词,由老师来统一处理。 Step3:老师大声领读课文,讲解学生不懂的字或词。 老师大声地一句一句地朗读课文,让学生跟读,模仿老师的发音和语音语调。 本单元共有十三个新字:米,菜,鸡,蛋,饺,饿,香,蕉,黄,绿,舒,客,儿 其中“米,鸡蛋,饿,香蕉,黄,绿,儿”这些字,学生在口语中经常使用,所以很好 理解,对于剩下的“菜,饺子的饺,舒服的舒,客人的客”也都很好理解,我会在领读 时给学生解释新字和灰色字的意思,并给学生展示图片来帮助学生理解。 说明:老师大声领读课文,是学习阅读的一个重要步骤。一是可以给出学生不会读的字 的发音,二是可以给学生之前读错的字正音,三是可以教给学生正确停顿和断句,四是 可以让学生模仿正确的语音语调。同时在读课文时讲解新字或是灰色字的意思是很有 必要的,因为只有在课文的文本中,才能更准确地理解这些新字词在文中的意思。 Step4:重点讲解本书中出现的语法点。 1. 让学生找出本章节中出现的重叠词。先讲什么是重叠词,就是用相同的字词组 成新词,来表示强调。先在本章节中找出重叠词,“是不是,刚刚好,红红火 火”。 2. 老师讲解在重叠词中,很多 ABA 式的重叠词是用来问问题的,比如是不是,好 不好……而 AABB 式重叠词比如红红火火则是为了强调。 3. 可以试着让学生想一想还有哪些重叠词是他们能想到的。ABA 式的重叠词比如 行不行,来不来,去不去,大不大,沉不沉,高不高……; AABB 式重叠词比如 大大小小,前前后后,左左右右,上上下下,高高矮矮,七七八八,马马虎 虎…… Differentiation in DLI Classrooms 37 4. 但是需要跟学生强调的是,在“让笑笑笑一下”中,前面的笑笑是妹妹的名字 是名词,在中国很多小朋友的小名是重叠词,是给小朋友的昵称,而这里的第 三个笑是动词。 5. 让学生拿出自己的中文语法笔记本,大家一起把想到的重叠词记在上面。 说明:重叠词中,很多 ABA 式的重叠词是用来问问题的,比如是不是,好不好,行不行, 来不来……而红红火火则这种 AABB 的词是为了强调。另外中文笔记本的好处是可以让 学生把学过的语法、例句积累下来,便于之后常常温故复习和加深理解。 Step5:将全班学生分成两组,A 组和 B 组。一组读一句课文,每组的学生依次轮流读课 文中的句子。如果其中一组的学生有读错的字音,另外一组的学生可以举手纠正,这样 纠正对读音的一组可以得一分,最后课文读完时得分更多的一组赢。 说明:这一任务的目的是在检测学生在跟读老师朗读后对读音准确度的掌握。而且这次 对字音的检测是全班同学一起,并且以比赛的形式进行的,所以学生们会更加集中精力。 Step6: 全班 AB 两组从第一段课文开始互相提问,相互回答问题。比如,A 组提出一个 好的问题,可以加一分,如果 B 组回答对了,也可以的一分。但是如果问题不成立则减 一分,对方回答不好也要减一分。两组都会现有十分的基础分。 说明:这一学习任务是帮助学生更好地理解课文。小组间相互提问和回答会促进学生对 所读课文的思考,比老师提问学生回答更能帮助学生对课文的理解。 Day 4: Reading 阅读 学习背景:昨天学生已经在几个学习活动中阅读了本章节的课文,对所有出现的字词特 别是新字词已经进行了初步的学习,包括新生字的读音和在文中的意思。但是新生字还 是需要老师带领着进行更进一步的学习。 目标:1. 我会用新生字组词和造句。 2.我会写新生字。 Step1: 把打印好的新生字的闪卡展示给学生看,让学生辨认每个字的读音,特别是字 的声调。 说明:声调是学生掌握新生字时的一个难点。先让学生自己读,然后老师再纠正不正确 的发音。这样包含一个学生自己思考的过程,更有利于学生加深对正确的声调的印象。 老师领读新生字,在领读过程中,加入词组。 比如,饺-饺子,饺-水饺,饺-蛋饺;米-大米,米-红米,米-玉米; 菜-青菜,菜-白菜,菜-蔬菜;鸡-小鸡,鸡-公鸡,鸡-母鸡; 蛋-鸡蛋,蛋-蛋黄,蛋-蛋白;饿-很饿,饿-不饿,饿-饥饿; Differentiation in DLI Classrooms 38 香-香蕉,香-香水,香-香气;蕉-香蕉,蕉-芭蕉,蕉-蕉农; 黄-黄色,黄-金黄,黄-黄河;绿-绿色,绿-绿叶,绿-绿灯; 舒-舒服,舒-舒展,舒-舒适;客-客人,客-做客,客-客家; 儿-儿子,儿-一会儿,儿-小孩儿 说明:在领读生字的过程中,加入词组,可以帮助学生扩大词汇量,同时还可以帮助学 生回忆起以前在听力或口语中接触过的词汇和语言。这会有助于学生将以前的记忆与 现在的新知相联系,帮助理解和记忆新生字。 Step2: 造句,老师先用这些生字造句,然后让学生把造的句子说给旁边其他的同学听, 接着找学生在全班同学面前分享。最后老师要评价一下学生造得句子对不对,不对的怎 样改正。 说明:这里运用了 I do- We do- You do 的方法示范造句,便于学生学习。 Step3: 老师在白板上教授怎么写这些新生字。先分析字的结构,尽量找出偏旁,然后 教授书写新生字的笔顺和笔画。老师先写三遍学生认真看,然后老师找一个学生到前面 白板上写,大家一起看笔顺笔画对不对,最后学生们自己写。 说明:这里教书写生字也运用了 I do- We do- You do 的方法,便于学生观察学习。 笔顺是书写汉字的一个难点,每次教写字前都可以说说笔顺的基本法则,从上到下;从 左到右,先横后竖,先撇后捺,先外后里,先外后里再封口,先中间后两边。 Step4: 三分钟阅读比赛。给每一个学生发一张标出每行带有统计字数的课文纸。学生 AB 两人一组,老师先设定三分钟让学生 A 先读,在阅读过程中,B 会在 A 的课文纸上圈 出 A 读错或不会读的字,三分钟到时,B 在 A 读的最后一个字的后面划一道竖线,并为 A 写出他在三分钟中之内一共读了多少个字。然后老师再设定三分钟,这次让学生 B 读, A 为其做同样的事。最后比一比看 AB 两人在三分钟谁读得字最多,谁读对的字更多。 老师可以设定几轮三分钟的比赛,让学生尽量把全部课文通读一遍。 说明:三分钟阅读是我们的一个长期的阅读训练,学生会在一张绘制的表上记录下自己 每次读的结果,比如读得字数和正确率。我们可以选用柱状图或是波状图都可以。我的 班级他们是用柱状图标注自己读得字数的多少,而用波状图来标注自己阅读的正确率。 这样可以看到每个人在五年级一整年中阅读的成长过程。 Step5: 准备分角色表演。布置一项作业是全班学生分成五组,每组大约四五个人,分 角色来表演这一章节的故事。确定每组中有旁白,小明,小明的爸爸,小明的妈妈,小 明的妹妹,五个角色,但是其中小明的妹妹是没有台词的,所以妹妹的角色可以由同组 中饰演另一个角色的学生同时扮演。同学们在表演时要把角色的台词说清楚,肢体表演 要到位,还要有面部表情,神情要到位。把分角色表演的规则讲明白,然后让每组学生 在课下多多演练。 说明:分角色扮演,是对学生阅读课文后一项比较难的练习任务。在这项学习活动中学 生只有在充分理解课文的基础上,才能表演出来。同时表演还涉及表情,动作,语言等 Differentiation in DLI Classrooms 39 各方面。 Step6: 思考最后的评价性任务,以小组为单位集体讨论中美小朋友过生日的相同点和 不同点,可以准备 PPT,画画,海报等方式来汇报,今天给学生一些时间来准备。小组 内所有的成员都要做到各有分工,各尽其责。汇报的形式可以是口头的也可以是书面的, 所以需要学生提前准备。老师可以提议每个小组推选自己的正副小组长,监督每位组员 的职责履行情况。 说明:这一的评价性任务不但可以考查学生对课文的理解,而且可以考查学生对于本章 节新生字词的运用,同时还可以更深入地促进学生将中美过生日的习俗进行对比,并且 用自己的语言表达出来,是对学生比较高的要求,所以需要准备至少两或三天时间。 Day 5: Post-Reading 阅读后 目标:我可以和小组的同学一起做口头或是书面的汇报,讲中美过生日的相同点和不同 点。 Step1: 让学生用平板电脑登录 Kleki.com 来练习自己写本单元的生字 。(Kleki 是一 个具有类似白板功能的用来在上面书写的网站平台,学生可以选用任何颜色,粗细线条, 各种背景颜色图案等,而且用平板电脑学生可以用触屏来手写和画) 首先,老师说一个新生字,比如“饺”,学生回想老师教授写“饺”字,然后自己写三 个“饺”字,并写三个拼音。写完后举起平板电脑给我看,我会告诉学生他们写得对不 对,不对的我会帮他们改正。 然后,老师说出关于“饺”字的词组,比如“水饺”,学生听到后自己写出来。老师来 评判和改正。 最后,老师说一个“饺”字的句子,比如“我最喜欢的食物是水饺。”,学生听到后写 出来,标点要正确。老师来评判和改正。 说明:这个学习任务实际上是评估学生对新生字、词、句书写的掌握。先从字开始,到 词组再到句子是一个难度逐步增加的过程,符合学生的认知能力,中文学习中听说读写 都很重要,阅读后再加深一下学生写的练习,我觉得很有必要。 Step2: 学生继续用平板电脑去 quizizz.com 网站上做两个测试一个是有关本章节字词 读音的测试,另一个是有关本章节课文理解的。(quizizz 网站是一个老师们可以设计 很多考试问题的网站,考试的形式可以是填空,单项选择,多项选择,搭配,排序,开 放式问题等等。老师需要提前设定问题和答案,这样在学生做此题时系统会自动给予评 分,所以它是老师们快速检测学生的一种好的方式。) 1. 第一个测试是有关本章节的字词读音的,我在测试中设计了很多有关新生字词 的读音问题,让学生作答。旨在评估学生对本章节字词拼音、声调和断句等的 掌握。 Differentiation in DLI Classrooms 40 2. 第二个测试是有关本章节课文理解的,我在测试中设计了很多有关课文内容理 解的问题,以文字叙述题干有时也伴有图片帮助学生理解。旨在评估学生对课 文内容理解是否透彻。 说明:这个评估任务是在学生阅读后的一个必要步骤。评估的目的是找到学生还没有掌 握的个别字词读音和理解的难点,给学生再做解析,以帮助学生改正错误读音和对课文 错误理解。 Step3: 根据 quizizz 上测试的学生的易错点,把这些字的读音给学生再做讲解和纠正, 把学生对课文理解的难点再做解析,以帮助学生分析易错点和难点,以求进步。之后学 生可以自由问问题,说出自己的疑惑,老师负责一一解答,以求消除学生的疑惑。 说明:这个学习步骤是帮助学生答疑解惑的,以帮助学生消除包括所有读音和意义理解 方面的问题。同时如果学生在某个或某几个问题上错的比较多,老师就应该好好反思一 下,是不是在教授学生的时候方法、策略或是所用材料等方面存在问题,以便在之后的 教课过程中不断改进。 Step4: 本章节的评价性任务汇报。在汇报前给学生发放汇报打分表,以便每个组在看 完所有组汇报后给除自己组以外的其他组打分。汇报开始,以小组为单位,让学生一边 展示制作的 PPT,画报或是海报,一边口头或是书面汇报小组讨论的结果,中美过生日 的相同点和不同点。等五个小组都汇报完后,学生们开始评分,如果有时间可以当场唱 票,评出最好的一二三名。 说明:本环节中打分表的设计很重要,要在学生汇报的形式和内容上有体现,还要在组 员的分工和尽责等等各方面有体现。打分表的设计方向会带动学生汇报的准备和呈现 方向。所以聪明的老师会利用打分表引导学生向他希望的方向努力。 学生可以用不同的方式做汇报,可以做书面的,可以做口头的。如果还是很难,可以手 指做出来的 PPT,画报或是海报,做简单的汇报。 Step5: 最后让全班学生讨论通过本章节的学习,通过了解到的中国父母给宝宝过生日 的情况,可以感受到中国父母对孩子是怎样的感情?美国的父母给自己的宝宝过生日的 方式虽然跟中国有所不同但是美国父母对孩子的感情跟中国父母一样吗?我们作为儿 子和女儿应该怎么办? 说明:这一环节是本章节学习中的一个情感目标。旨在让学生体会父母对孩子的深厚的 感情,进而反思我们应该在日常生活中怎么对待父母。希望能引起学生们的深入思考。 Differentiation in DLI Classrooms 41 教案二:适用于三年级左右水平学生 Essential Questions: 中美小朋友过生日有什么相同点和不同点? 说明:这里减少了一个问题,主要是考虑到三年级水平的学生的语言积累还不能在很大 程度上支撑他们在第二个问题上说很多。 Final Assessment: 小组可以通过 PPT,画画,海报等来比较中美小朋友过生日的相同点和不同点,所有组 员口头为全班展示。 说明:这里去掉了书面的形式,是因为三年级水平的学生在写的方面积累的词汇量还不 是很多,所以只保留了说。 Day 1: Pre-Reading 背景知识链接 说明:Step1 和 2 是口语练习,目的是把要讲的主题与学生已知的知识相连接,激发学 生说出自己以前的经历,同时也复习以前学过的知识包括句型和词汇。 目标:1. 我可以用所给的句型表述将会怎么过生日。 2. 我从老师的 PPT 上,知道中国宝宝过哪些生日,怎么过生日。 Step1: 今天是我们班丽丽同学的生日,我们大家一起唱生日快乐歌给她!(同时把我准 备好的生日礼物送给她!) 丽丽请你说说今天你会/要怎么过生日?爸爸妈妈会做什么, 或者要带你去哪里来庆祝你的生日。 说明:让学生知道“会、要”代表的是将来时,还没有做或计划要做的事。这是中英文 的区别之一!(中英文的不同点就是中文学习的重点!) Step2: Think-Pair-Share 请大家和你们小组的同学说一说,你们今年要怎样过生日? 八分钟后,请同学们说说你今年要怎样过生日。不少于六句话。 分享时请使用: 我的_____的生日是___月___日。我和____(谁)要/会去____(地方)过生日。我的爸爸妈 妈要/会送_____给我。我的哥哥(姐姐,弟弟,妹妹) 要/会送_____给我。(或者他们要 /会给我做________。) 我想我的生日会过得很_______! 说明:让学生知道“要/会”代表的是将来时,还没做的事。这是中英文的区别之一! 同时此环节去掉了用第三人称来练习叙述事件,还是将重点放在了练习第一人称上,降 低了难度,适合三年级水平的学生。 Differentiation in DLI Classrooms 42 Step3: 展示老师做好的 PPT,它是有关中国父母怎样给自己的宝宝过生日的,包括了 中国文化中庆祝小孩子满月,百天,一周岁等文化内容。PPT 中包括图片和视频。 说明:让学生了解中国的父母主要在哪些时间点给自己的宝宝庆祝生日,他们会做什么? 让学生更好地了解中国文化。 Step4: 讨论 1.中国父母在哪些时间点给孩子过生日? 2.中国父母在给孩子过生日时做了什么? 3.在小朋友一周岁时父母让他们 “抓周” ,用自己的话说一说什么 是“抓周” ? 说明:这一环节去掉了“庆祝”这一词汇,同时在问题的设置上也降低了难度,这样的 调整旨在符合三年级水平学生的中文表达能力。 Step5:讨论今天的中文课你学到了什么?请从中文和中国文化上说一说学到了什么? 说明:问题中用“学到”代替了“收获”,旨在降低词汇的难度。更适合三年级水平的 学生理解。 Day 2: Pre-Reading 看图说话 说明:通常在第二天做看图说话学习活动时,我常常使用 Nearpod 来进行。好处是学生 可以在自己的 iPad 上把图看得更清楚,而且可以把问题也打上去,便于学生看着回答。 在每个单元的看图说话的环节,有大量让学生比较图片的不同,观察人物的表情和猜测 未来故事的发展等方面的活动旨在锻炼学生的洞察力、分析和推测等方面的能力。 目标:我可以用 Nearpod 对这本书做看图说话。 Step1: Think-Pair-Share 看书的封面,想一想你看到了什么?有几个人?他们是谁?在什么地方?在做什么?他 们有没有笑?你觉得他们为什么这么高兴?再看一下书的名字“百日宴”,前两个字我 们认识,第三个字不认识。 从书名百日宴你可以想一下,百日是什么意思?(最可能是这个小宝宝一百天了,这么 小的宝宝,我们也叫他小婴儿。) 请和你本组的朋友一起讨论,然后再和全班同学一起分享。分享时请组内所有同学都说 说。 说明:问题中用“猜”代替了“猜测”,去掉了“关系、说明、心情、手舞足蹈、和…… 有关”等词汇旨在降低词汇的难度。通过猜故事,练习学生的洞察力和推测的能力。教 授“小婴儿”这个词,为后面读这本书做好铺垫。 Differentiation in DLI Classrooms 43 Step2:看第一章的第一幅图,这张图和书的封面哪里不同? 找到这张图和封面的不同,就可以更好地猜故事了。猜一下他们最可能是在做什么? 说明:这里使用了“封面”,去掉了“装饰”,降低了词汇的难度。 通过两张图的对比旨在锻炼学生的洞察力和分析比较的能力。 Step3: 1. 看书中第二幅图,小男孩在做什么?小婴儿在做什么?你觉得小男孩对小 婴儿怎么样? 2. 说说看你的兄弟姐妹对你怎么样?你们家有这么大的小婴儿吗?如果有你 会怎么对他/她? 说明:这里去掉了“反应”,“说明”,“关系”这些词汇,降低了词汇的难度来适应 三年级程度的学生。增加了“兄弟姐妹”这一对学生来说会经常用到的词汇。 将图片和学生自己的生活相连接,让学生有话可说,并能说出真情实感。 Step4: 看书中第三幅图,日历上圈出的这一天是几月几日?你觉得为什么要圈出这一 天?图上小男孩在想什么?他想着大家要做什么?桌子上会有什么?他们为什么要一 起吃饭? 这些到他家里来的人叫什么人?(客人)他又是什么人?(主人) 说明:这里去掉了“关系”,“横幅”,“庆祝”这些词汇,降低了词汇量的难度。 使用“要”“会”是因为这是将要发生的事。 教授“客人”和“主人”,也是为后面读书做铺垫。 Step5: 看书中第四幅图,爸爸和男孩在说什么?你觉得这个蛋糕怎么样?猜一下为什 么上面会有一只小鸡? 说明:这里用“猜”代替了“猜测”,降低了词汇的难度。 同时让学生猜故事的情节旨在锻炼学生对课文的推测能力。 Step6: 看书中第五幅图,小男孩在想什么?你有没有买过东西?你怎么知道什么样的 东西是好的? 你觉得图画上的香蕉哪些是好的?为什么? 说明:这里用“想”代替了“思考”,用“知道”代替了“辨别”,去掉了“经历”, 旨在降低词汇的难度,更适应三年级程度的学生。 同时结合学生自身生活谈谈自己买东西的故事,有助于激发学生说的渴望和与现实生 活的连结。 Step7: 看书中第六幅图,小男孩和妈妈买了什么样的香蕉?你觉得他为什么把一根香 蕉放在他的嘴前面? 说明:这里香蕉用了量词“根”,让学生知道香蕉的量词。量词是汉语学习的一个难点。 Differentiation in DLI Classrooms 44 这里并没有做调整,因为量词的学习是一个长期积累的过程。三年级水平的学生也应该 多做积累。 Step8: 看书中第七幅图,妈妈和小男孩在买什么?看妈妈的篮子里好像已经有很多鸡 蛋了。你觉得他们为什么买那么多鸡蛋? 说明:这里的问题“为什么买那么多鸡蛋?”引起学生的思考,为下文送红鸡蛋埋下伏 笔。这里没有做调整,所有的字学生都已经知道。 同时这一学习环节有助于学生推测课文故事发展,锻炼学生的推测能力。 Step9: 看书中第八幅图,小男孩在想什么?你觉得他为什么要做加法? 说明:这里的问题用“做加法”代替了“算人数?”降低了词汇难度,还是为下文送红 鸡蛋埋下伏笔。 Step10: 看书中第九幅图,小男孩为什么又把一根玉米放在他的嘴前面?再看看小婴儿 的脸。你觉得小男孩的肚子为什么叫了?你觉得下面他们要做什么? 说明:这里用“脸”代替了“表情”,用“你觉得下面”代替了“推测一下接下来”降 低了词汇的难度。玉米用了量词“根”没有调整,让学生知道玉米的量词跟香蕉的一样。 一般来说细长的东西常用量词“根”。 “下面要做什么?”还是让学生推测故事的发展。 如果还有时间可以让学生看图上的蔬菜,一起复习和学习蔬菜的名称。 Step11:通过看图说话,你觉得这是一个什么样的故事?说说你是怎么想的。 说明:这里用“你是怎么想的”代替了“你的感想”,降低了难度,帮助学生更好地理 解。这一环节算是对今天看图说话的总结,锻炼学生的反思和总结的能力。 Day 3: Reading 阅读 目标:1. 我知道重叠词的用法。 2.我可以对课文问问题和回答同学的问题。 Step1:Pair Work 学生 AB 两人一组做找字游戏。我会准备一张字的列表,在不让学生看到字的情况下, 每次说出一个字,学生快速浏览课文,两人中能更快找出这个字的学生可以得一分。最 后先得到 20 分的学生是第一名,以此类推可以得到第二名、第三名…… 在这一步中适合三年级水平学生的字表是:时,为,明,欢,多,岁,放,出,妹,家, 都,高,兴,因,东,有,可,跟,样,都,喜,因,看,爱,可,期,国,请,很, 到,起,饭,候,漂,说,只,欢,吃,好,买,帮,西,叫,色,会,太,边,把, Differentiation in DLI Classrooms 45 给,晚,奶,加,红,点 说明:这一任务的目的是练习学生的快速浏览文本的能力,略读的能力。同时也帮助学 生复习和回想以前学过的字词。对于三年级水平的学生我让他们在文中找的大部分字 是以前在二三年级学过的和一部分四年级所学的字。 另外对于三年级程度的学生,他们会不熟悉文中出现的比较难的四年级和五年级的词 汇,我会给他们提供带有这些字词拼音的版本,以降低他们的阅读难度,帮助他们更加 顺利地完成阅读理解。 Step2:Small Group Work 学生四人或五人一组在一起预读课文。每人轮流大声读一段课文,遇到自己不会读的字 就用铅笔圈出来,遇到自己不能理解的字词就在其下面划线。 读完后,小组成员间一起讨论他们所有人圈出的字的读音,通过小组内的互相帮助可以 把自己不会读的字的拼音写在字的上面,如果小组内还是不能解决或不把握的字,就把 他们写在教室的白板上,以便之后全班一起讨论解决。 所有小组都读完后,就那些划线的不理解的字词向其他小组提问,通过小组间的互相帮 助可以解决一些字词,比如那些已经学过但是一部分学生忘记的字词。那些不能解决的 字词老师会在全班学生面前统一讲解。 说明:这一任务的目的是帮助学生找到自己学过但忘记的字词,通过学生之间的互相帮 助回想起他们的读音和意思。这一学习过程可以鼓励学生们进行回想,相互学习和互相 帮助。那些学生和小组之间解决不了的字词,由老师来统一处理。 另外在这一步骤中,给学生分组非常重要,因为这些程度类似三年级水平的学生阅读的 速度会比较慢,如果能把他们平均地分到各组,可以保证各组阅读的速度不会有太大差 别,还可以让这些学生在各组中都能得到大家的帮助。 Step3:老师大声领读课文,讲解学生不懂的字或词。 老师大声地一句一句地朗读课文,让学生跟读,模仿老师的发音和语音语调。 本单元共有十三个新字:米,菜,鸡,蛋,饺,饿,香,蕉,黄,绿,舒,客,儿 其中“米,鸡蛋,饿,香蕉,黄,绿,儿”这些字,学生在口语中经常使用,所以很好 理解,对于剩下的“菜,饺子的饺,舒服的舒,客人的客”也都很好理解,我会在领读 时给学生解释新字和灰色字的意思,并给学生展示图片来帮助学生理解。 说明:老师大声领读课文,是学习阅读的一个重要步骤。一是可以给学生不会读的字正 音,二是可以教给学生正确停顿和断句,三是可以让学生模仿正确的语音语调。同时在 读课文时讲解新字或是灰色字的意思是很有必要的,因为只有在课文的文本中,才能更 准确地理解这些新字词的含义。 因为之前给程度三年级的学生提供了带有拼音的课文版本,所以这些学生读起课文来 应该不会太困难。 Differentiation in DLI Classrooms 46 Step4:重点讲解本书中出现的语法点。 1. 让学生找出本章节中出现的重叠词。先讲什么是重叠词,就是用相同的字词组 成新词,来表示强调或疑问等。先在本章节中找出重叠词,“是不是,刚刚 好,红红火火”。 2. 老师讲解在重叠词中,很多 ABA 式的重叠词是用来问问题的,比如是不是,好 不好……而 AABB 式重叠词比如红红火火则是为了强调。 3. 可以试着让学生想一想还有哪些重叠词是他们能想到的。ABA 式的重叠词比如 行不行,来不来,去不去,大不大,沉不沉,高不高……; AABB 式重叠词比如 大大小小,前前后后,左左右右,上上下下,高高矮矮,七七八八,马马虎 虎…… 4. 但是需要跟学生强调的是,在“让笑笑笑一下”中,前面的笑笑是妹妹的名字 是名词,在中国很多小朋友的小名是重叠词,是给小朋友的昵称,而这里的第 三个笑是动词。 5. 让学生拿出自己的中文语法笔记本,大家一起把想到的重叠词按类别记在上 面。 说明:重叠词中,很多 ABA 式的重叠词是用来问问题的,比如是不是,好不好,行不行, 来不来……而红红火火这种 AABB 的词则是为了强调。另外中文笔记本的好处是可以让 学生把学过的语法、例句积累下来,便于之后常常温故复习和加深理解。 这一步骤中,没有对程度低的学生有所区别,是因为对于学习新知,他们应该和其他学 生一样平等参与,也要记笔记,老师会检查。 Step5:将全班学生分成两组,A 组和 B 组。一组读一句课文,每组的学生依次轮流读课 文中的句子。如果其中一组的学生有读错的字音,另外一组的学生可以举手纠正,这样 纠正对读音的一组可以得一分,最后课文读完时得分更多的一组赢。 说明:这一任务的目的是在检测学生在跟读老师朗读后对读音准确的掌握。而且这次对 字音的检测是全班同学一起,并且以比赛的形式进行的,所以学生们会更加集中精力。 对于有拼音版本的水平低一些的学生,他们是可以一起参与这项学习活动的,而且在拼 音的加持下,他们也许可以纠正一部分其他同学读错的音,相信文本的不同可以更好地 帮助这些学生。 Step6: 全班 AB 两组从第一段课文开始互相提问,相互回答问题。比如,A 组提出一个 好的问题,可以加一分,如果 B 组回答对了,也可以的一分。但是如果问题不成立则减 一分,对方回答不好也要减一分。两组都会现有十分的基础分。 说明:这一学习任务是帮助学生更好地理解课文。小组间相互提问和回答会促进学生对 所读课文的思考,比老师提问学生回答更能帮助学生对课文的理解。 Day 4: Reading 阅读 Differentiation in DLI Classrooms 47 学习背景:昨天学生已经在几个学习活动中阅读了本章节的课文,对所有出现的字词特 别是新字词已经进行了初步的学习,包括新生字的读音和在文中的意思。但是新生字还 是需要老师带领着进行更进一步的学习。 目标:1. 我会用新生字组词和造句。 2.我会写新生字。 Step1: 把打印好的新生字的闪卡展示给学生看,让学生辨认每个字的读音,特别是字 的声调。 说明:声调是学生掌握新生字时的一个难点。先让学生自己读,然后老师再纠正不正确 的声调。这样包含一个学生自己思考的过程,更有利于学生加深对正确的声调的印象。 老师领读新生字,在领读过程中,加入词组。 比如,饺-饺子,饺-水饺,饺-蛋饺;米-大米,米-红米,米-玉米; 菜-青菜,菜-白菜,菜-蔬菜;鸡-小鸡,鸡-公鸡,鸡-母鸡; 蛋-鸡蛋,蛋-蛋黄,蛋-蛋白;饿-很饿,饿-不饿,饿-饥饿; 香-香蕉,香-香水,香-香气;蕉-香蕉,蕉-芭蕉,蕉-蕉农; 黄-黄色,黄-金黄,黄-黄河;绿-绿色,绿-绿叶,绿-绿灯; 舒-舒服,舒-舒展,舒-舒适;客-客人,客-做客,客-客家; 儿-儿子,儿-一会儿,儿-小孩儿 说明:在领读生字的过程中,加入词组,同样也可以帮助即使是三年级水平的学生扩大 词汇量,同时还可以帮助学生回忆起可能以前在听力或口语中接触过的词汇语言。这会 有助于学生将以前的记忆与现在的新知相联系,帮助理解和记忆新生字。 Step2: 造句,老师先用这些生字造句,然后让学生把造的句子说给旁边其他的同学听, 接着找学生在全班同学面前分享。最后老师要评价一下学生造得句子对不对,不对的怎 样改正。 说明:这里运用了 I do- We do- You do 的方法示范造句,便于学生学习。我通常不 会要求三年级水平的学生造句的长度,只要他们能够用新生字造出正确的句子即可。 Step3: 老师在白板上教授怎么写这些新生字。先分析字的结构,尽量找出子的偏旁, 然后教授书写新生字的笔顺和笔画。老师先写三遍学生认真看,然后老师找一个学生到 前面白板上写,大家一起看笔顺笔画对不对,最后学生们自己写。 说明:这里教书写生字也运用了 I do- We do- You do 的方法,便于学生观察学习。 笔顺是书写汉字的一个难点,每次教写字前都可以说说笔顺的基本法则,即从上到下; 从左到右,先横后竖,先撇后捺,先外后里,先外后里再封口,先中间后两边。因为老 师会演示三遍怎么写每个新生字,所以对于三年级水平的学生,他们是完全可以适应学 习书写新生字的过程。 Differentiation in DLI Classrooms 48 Step4: 三分钟阅读比赛。给每一个学生发一张标出每行带有统计字数的课文纸。学生 AB 两人一组,老师先设定三分钟让学生 A 先读,在阅读过程中,B 会在 A 的课文纸上圈 出 A 读错或不会读的字,三分钟到时,B 在 A 读的最后一个字的后面划一道竖线,并为 A 写出他在三分钟中之内一共读了多少个字。然后老师再设定三分钟,这次让学生 B 读, A 为其做同样的事。最后比一比看 AB 两人在三分钟谁读得字最多,谁读对的字更多。 老师可以设定几轮三分钟的比赛,让学生尽量把全部课文都能读一遍。 说明:三分钟阅读是我们的一个长期的阅读训练,学生会在一张绘制的表上记录下自己 每次读的结果,比如读得字数和正确率。我们可以选用柱状图或是波状图都可以。我的 班级他们是用柱状图标注自己读得字数的多少,而用波状图来标注自己阅读的正确率。 这样可以看到每个人在五年级一整年中阅读的成长过程。这一练习也适用于水平在三 年级程度上的学生,其实他们更加需要多做类似的练习。 Step5: 准备分角色表演。将全班学生分成五组,每组大约四五个人,分角色来表演这 一章节的故事。确定每组中有旁白,小明,小明的爸爸,小明的妈妈,小明的妹妹,五 个角色,但是其中小明的妹妹是没有台词的,所以妹妹的角色可以由同组中饰演另一个 角色的学生同时扮演。同学们在表演时要把角色的台词说清楚,肢体表演要到位,还要 有面部表情,神情要到位。把分角色表演的规则讲明白,然后让每组学生在课下要多多 演练。 说明:分角色扮演,是对学生阅读课文后一项比较难的练习任务。在这项学习活动中学 生只有在充分理解课文的基础上,才能表演出来。同时表演还涉及表情,动作,语言等 各方面。 对于水平在三年级的学生,我允许他们看带有拼音的课文纸来练习读旁白或是角色的 台词。 Step6: 思考最后的评价性任务,以小组为单位集体讨论中美小朋友过生日的相同点和 不同点,可以准备 PPT,画画,海报等方式来汇报,今天给学生一些时间来准备。小组 内所有的成员都要做到各有分工,各尽其责。汇报的形式可以是口头的,需要学生提前 准备。老师可以提议每个小组推选自己的正副小组长,监督每位组员的职责履行情况。 说明:这一评价性任务不但可以考查学生对课文的理解,而且可以考查学生对于本章节 新生字词的运用,同时还可以更深入地促进学生将中美小朋友过生日的习俗进行对比, 并且用自己的语言表达出来。 对于水平在三年级的学生,我只要求他们口头汇报,没有要求他们做出书面汇报,所以 相应的降低了他们汇报的难度。 同时在这一环节可以适当给他们提供一些汇报时用的句型,来降低难度。 比如:中国小朋友过生日和美国小朋友过生日有很多相同点。比如…… 中国小朋友过生日和美国小朋友过生日也有很多不同点。比如…… Differentiation in DLI Classrooms 49 Day 5: Post-Reading 阅读后 目标:我可以和小组的同学一起做口头的汇报,讲中美过生日的相同点和不同点。 Step1: 让学生用平板电脑登录 Kleki.com 来练习写本单元的生字 。(Kleki 是一个具 有类似白板功能的用来在上面书写的网站平台,学生可以选用任何字的颜色,粗细线条, 各种背景颜色图案等,而且用平板电脑学生可以用触屏来手写和画。) 首先,老师说一个新生字,比如“饺”,学生回想老师教授写“饺”字,然后自己写三 个“饺”字,并写三个拼音。写完后举起平板电脑给我看,我会告诉学生他们写得对不 对,不对的我会帮他们改正。 然后,老师说出关于“饺”字的词组,比如“水饺”,学生听到后自己写出来。老师来 评判和改正。 说明:这个学习任务实际上是评估学生对新生字词书写的掌握。先从字开始再到词组是 一个难度逐步增加的过程,符合学生的认知能力,中文学习中听说读写都很重要,阅读 后再加深一下学生写的练习,我觉得很有必要。 这里鉴于学生的程度稍低,所以去掉了写句子的环节,但是可以多写一些词组,词组写 得多可以为以后写句子做好铺垫。或是可以让学生写出一些较为简单的句子。 Step2: 学生继续用平板电脑去 quizizz.com 网站上做两个测试一个是有关本章节字词 读音的测试,另一个是有关本章节课文理解的。(quizizz 网站是一个老师们可以设计 很多考试问题的网站,考试的形式可以是填空,单项选择,多项选择,搭配,排序,开 放式问题等等。老师需要提前设定问题和答案,这样在学生做此题时系统会自动给予评 分,所以它是老师们快速检测学生的一种好的方式。) 1. 第一个测试是有关本章节的字词读音的,我在测试中设计了很多有关新生字词 的读音问题,让学生作答。旨在评估学生对本章节字词拼音、声调和断句等的 掌握。 2. 第二个测试是有关本章节课文理解的,我在测试中设计了很多有关课文内容理 解的问题,以文字叙述题干有时也伴有图片助生理解。旨在评估学生对课文内 容理解是否透彻。 说明:这个评估任务是在学生阅读后的一个必要步骤。评估的目的是找到学生还没有掌 握的字词的读音和理解的难点,给学生再做解析,以帮助学生改正错误读音和对课文的 错误理解。 在此测试过程中对于程度较低的三年级水平的学生的一个难点是他们看题干时,因为 有不认识的字所以有的题干可能不能看懂,所以我试着给他们提供一个稍微容易一点 的版本,那就是在题干部分把对他们来说比较难认的字加注一些拼音,让他们更容易读 懂题干,进而作答。 Step3: 根据 quizizz 上测试的学生的易错点,把这些字的读音给学生再做讲解和纠正, 把学生对课文理解的难点再做解析,以帮助学生分析易错点和难点,以求进步。之后学 生可以自由问问题,说出自己的疑惑,老师负责一一解答,以求消除学生的疑惑。 Differentiation in DLI Classrooms 50 说明:这个学习步骤是帮助学生答疑解惑的,以帮助学生消除包括所有读音和意义理解 方面的问题。同时如果学生在某个或某几个问题上错的比较多,老师可以据此好好反思 一下,是不是在教授学生的时候方法、策略或是所用材料等方面存在问题,以便在之后 的教课过程中不断改进。 在这一环节中我鼓励所有的学生积极提问,特别是程度稍低的学生更需要提问来消除 疑问。这是他们查缺补漏的一个好时机! Step4: 本章节的评价性任务汇报。在汇报前给学生发放汇报打分表,以便每个组在看 完所有组汇报后给除自己组以外的其他组打分。汇报开始,以小组为单位,让学生一边 展示制作的 PPT,画报或是海报,一边口头汇报小组讨论的结果,中美小朋友过生日的 相同点和不同点。等五个小组都汇报完后,学生们开始评分,如果有时间可以当场唱票, 评出最好的一二三名。 说明:本环节中打分表的设计很重要,要在学生汇报的形式和内容上有体现,还要在组 员的分工和尽责等等各方面有体现。打分表的设计方向会带动学生汇报的准备和呈现 方向。所以聪明的老师会利用打分表引导学生向他希望的方向努力。 学生可以用不同的方式做汇报,可以做书面的,可以做口头的。如果还是很难,可以手 指做出来的 PPT,画报或是海报,做简单的汇报。 在这一环节应该鼓励小组内所有的学生积极配合其他人做好准备汇报的各方面的工作。 大家应该发挥自己的特长来给本组贡献自己的一份力量! 这样的汇报性任务适合任何程度水平的学生,大家都可以在任务准备中找到自己的位 置,还有在进行口头汇报时,所有的学生都应该参与,可以一人说一句,或是一人说一 小段。这样任何程度水平的学生都得到了锻炼。 Step5: 最后让全班学生讨论通过本章节的学习,通过了解到的中国父母给宝宝过生日 的情况,可以感受到中国父母对孩子是怎样的感情?美国的父母给自己的宝宝过生日的 方式虽然跟中国有所不同,但是美国父母对孩子的感情跟中国父母一样吗?我们作为儿 子和女儿应该怎么办? 说明:这一环节是本章节学习中的一个情感目标。旨在让学生体会父母对孩子的深厚的 感情,进而反思我们应该怎么对待父母。希望能引起学生们的思考。 这一环节适合所有程度的学生! Differentiation in DLI Classrooms 51 教案三:适用于六或七年级水平学生 Essential Questions: 中美小朋友过生日有什么相同点和不同点? 通过对中国父母给宝宝过生日的了解,你觉得这体现了中国父母对孩子怎样的感情? 中国父母给宝宝过生日的方式,包括满月酒,百日宴或抓周等的寓意是什么? 说明:这一环节加了思考寓意的问题,旨在指导学生了解现象背后的本质,思考中国传 统文化在日常生活中的体现。 Final Assessment: 小组可以通过 PPT,画画,海报等方式来展示满月酒,百日宴和抓周的寓意,并用口头 或是书面的形式来向全班汇报。 说明:最后的测评改为展示这些传统仪式的寓意,旨在让水平六七年级的学生通过背景 知识链接里的 PPT 和对扩充的课外阅读资料的学习加深对中国深层文化的理解,同时 也可以帮助学生准备 AP 考试。 因为这一部分学生的水平较高,也想通过这一学习活动培养和锻炼他们的自学能力。 Day 1: Pre-Reading 背景知识链接 说明:Step1 和 2 是口语练习,目的是把要讲的主题与学生已知的知识相连接,激发学 生讲述自己以前经历的兴趣,同时也复习了以前学过的知识包括句型和词汇。 目标:1. 我可以用所给的句型表述怎么过生日。 2. 我从老师的 PPT 上,知道中国宝宝过哪些生日,怎么过生日。 Step1: 今天是我们班丽丽同学的生日,我们大家一起唱生日快乐歌给她!同时把我准 备好的生日礼物送给她!丽丽请你说说今天你会/要怎么过生日?爸爸妈妈会做什么, 或者要带你去哪里来庆祝你的生日。 同学们,你觉得丽丽的爸妈为什么要为她做这些事? 说明:让学生知道“会、要”代表的是将来时,还没有做的事。这是中英文的重要区别 之一! 同时这里加了为什么,旨在让程度高的同学思考更深层的问题,行为背后浓厚的情感。 Step2: 1. Think-Pair-Share 请大家和你们小组的同学说一说,你们今年是怎样过生 Differentiation in DLI Classrooms 52 日的?八分钟后,请同学们分享你们组的其他同学今年是怎样过生日的。 说的时候请考虑以下问题:你朋友的生日在什么时候?他/她去什么地方过生日?和谁 一起去?他/她的父母送什么给他/她?兄弟姐妹呢? 分享时我会让这些水平在六七年级的学生先用自己的话试着说一说。然后看他们说的怎 么样,如果说的好,就总结一下。如果说得不太好,再把老师提供的句型给他们。 如果你的朋友的生日已经过了: 我的朋友_____的生日是___月___日。他/她和____(谁)去了____(地方)过生日。他/她 的爸爸妈妈送了_____给他。他/她的哥哥(姐姐,弟弟,妹妹) 送了_____给他。(或者 他们给他做了________。) 他/她的生日过得很_______! 如果你的朋友的生日还没有过: 我的朋友_____的生日是___月___日。他/她和____(谁)要去____(地方)过生日。他/她 的爸爸妈妈要/会送_____给他。他/她的哥哥(姐姐,弟弟,妹妹) 要/会送_____给他。 (或者他们要/会给他做________。) 说明:学生应该用对人称,这里是说朋友的生日怎么过的,所以必须用第三人称。 同时学生应该用对时态,如果朋友的生日过去了,应该用“了”,如果朋友的生日还没 过,应该用“要”或“会”来表达将来时。这一点与英文表达不同! 2. 思考一下,美国的家长(父母)在给孩子过生日的时候,他们有什么共同点? 分享时请使用:通过每个人分享的怎么过生日,我觉得美国的家长都想让他们的孩子 ________。他们都____________。 说明:这里用了词汇“兄弟姐妹”,“家长”,“通过”,“分享”旨在增加学生的词 汇量。 同时增加了一个深层问题,旨在练习水平高的学生的归纳能力和透过现象总结规律的 能力。 Step3: 展示老师做好的 PPT,它是有关中国父母是怎样给自己的宝宝过生日的,包括 了中国文化中父母给宝宝们庆祝满月,百天,一周岁等内容。PPT 中包括图片和视频。 说明:增加与本单元有关的中国文化的背景知识链接目的是让学生了解中国的父母主 要在哪些时间点给自己的孩子庆祝生日,他们会做什么?让学生更好地了解中国文化。 Step4: 讨论 1.中国父母在哪些时间点庆祝宝宝的生日?你觉得为什么选这些时间点? 2. 在庆祝小宝宝满月和百天时,中国家长做了什么?主要有哪些仪式?你 觉得家长为什么这么做? 3. 在庆祝小朋友一周岁时父母为什么要让他们 “抓周” ?说说不同的东 西在 “抓周” 仪式上代表什么?通过这些物品你觉得中国父母更期望孩子在未来选择 Differentiation in DLI Classrooms 53 哪些职业? 说明:这一环节增加了问题的难度,通过讨论抓周的物品代表了什么,让学生更好地思 考中国文化中的深层问题。同时让学生思考中国家长对自己孩子未来的职业有哪些期 望? 甚至再难一点还可以讨论中国古代人们对不同职业的观点,比如“万般皆下品,唯有读 书高”等等,以及这些观点所代表的人们对职业高低贵贱的认识。旨在让层度高的学生 进行深层思考现象背后所透露的文化问题。 Step5:讨论今天的中文课你有哪些收获?请从中文和中国文化两方面具体谈谈学到了 什么? 说明:增加了词汇“收获”,“方面”,“具体”,旨在帮助水平处在六七年级的学生 积累高级词汇。 Day 2: Pre-Reading 看图说话 说明:通常在第二天做看图说话学习活动时,我常常使用 Nearpod 来进行。好处是学生 可以在自己的 iPad 上把图看得更清楚,而且可以把问题也打上去,便于学生看着回答。 在每个单元的看图说话的环节,有大量让学生比较图片的不同,观察人物的表情和猜测 未来故事的发展等方面的活动旨在锻炼学生的洞察力、分析和推测等方面的能力。 目标:我可以用 Nearpod 对这本书做看图说话。 Step1: Think-Pair-Share 1. 看书的封面,想一想你看到了什么?有几个人,(猜测一下他们可能是什么关 系?) 在什么地方?在做什么?他们的表情是怎样的?说明他们现在心情怎么 样?小男孩为什么在手舞足蹈?(人在什么时候会手舞足蹈?)你觉得他为什么这 么高兴?再看一下书的名字“百日宴”,前两个字我们认识,第三个字不认 识。从书名百日宴你可以猜测一下,百日最可能和谁有关?(最可能和这个小宝 宝有关,这么小的宝宝,我们也叫他们小婴儿。) 2. 看到墙上的两个“福”字吗?从福字的装饰和图上人物看,这是哪个国家的家 庭?你能多说说对福字的了解吗?为什么中国家庭都喜欢挂福字?表达了怎样 的中国文化?请和你本组的朋友一起讨论,然后再和全班同学一起分享。分享 时请组内所有同学都说说。 说明:这里扩充了学生的词汇量,通过猜故事,练习学生的洞察力和推测的能力。 教授“小婴儿”这个词,为之后读这本书做好铺垫。 后面一个任务通过让学生讨论福字,加深学生对中国文化的了解,如果学生一时回答不 上来,可以留到课后让学生查阅资料,锻炼学生自学的能力。设计这一任务的目的是让 Differentiation in DLI Classrooms 54 六七年级水平的学生更加了解中国文化方面的知识。 Step2:看第一章的第一幅图,这张图和封面哪里不同?(这个地方装饰有什么不一样? 特别是天花板上的装饰。) 通过这个装饰,书名百日宴和图片上人物的表情等,你应该可以更好地猜测故事了。猜 测一下他们的心情怎么样?他们最可能是在做什么? 说明:这里使用了“装饰”“天花板”等词汇,旨在增加学生的词汇量。 设计这一任务的目的是让学生通过图片上的细节和人物的表情猜测故事,分析角色和 人物心理。这是高年级水平的学生需要训练的能力之一。 Step3: 1. 看书中第二幅图,小男孩在做什么?小婴儿看起来怎么样?她对小男孩有 什么反应?这说明他们的关系怎么样?你觉得小男孩对小婴儿怎么样?这说明什么? 2. 说说看你的兄弟姐妹对你怎么样?你们家有这么大的小婴儿吗?如果有你 会怎么对他/她? 3. 在中国文化中,兄弟姐妹之间的感情被称为 “手足情” ,你对这种理解怎 么看? 说明:这里使用了“反应”,“说明”,“关系”这些词汇,旨在帮助学生积累高级词 汇。 对于高水平的学生加了第三个有关“手足情”的任务,目的是想加深学生对中国文化的 理解。如果没有时间可以让学生在课下查阅资料来解决。 Step4: 1. 看书中第三幅图,日历上圈出的这一天是几月几日?你觉得它和书名百日 宴有什么关系?图上小男孩在想什么?他想着大家要做什么?桌子上会有什么?墙上 的红色横幅上写着什么?所以你觉得他们在庆祝什么? 2.这些到他家里来的人叫什么人?(客人)他又是什么人?(主人) 3. 看图片,你觉得在中国和朋友在餐桌上吃饭和在美国有什么不同? 说明:这里使用了“关系”,“横幅”,“庆祝”这些词汇,旨在增加学生的词汇量。 使用“要”“会”是因为这是将要发生的事。教授“客人”和“主人”,也是为后面读 书做铺垫。 最后加了一个任务谈谈中美餐桌文化的不同,目的是让高水平的学生更好地了解中国 的餐桌文化。(例如可以谈谈中国人在餐桌上分享菜肴的现象背后所体现的文化。) Step5: 看书中第四幅图,爸爸和男孩在讨论什么?你觉得这个蛋糕怎么样?猜测一下 为什么上面会有一只小鸡? 说明:这里使用了“猜测”一词,增加学生的词汇量。 程度好的学生在猜测蛋糕上的小鸡的时候,应该可以猜出这应该和生肖有关,正好可以 Differentiation in DLI Classrooms 55 利用这一机会复习和学习有关生肖的文化内容。 Step6: 看书中第五幅图,小男孩在思考什么?你有没有过买东西的经历?你怎么辨别 什么样的东西是好的? 你觉得图画上的香蕉哪些是好的?为什么? 说明:这里使用了“经历”,“辨别”,这些词汇,旨在增加学生的词汇量。 在谈论哪些香蕉是好的时候,可以练习“既不……也不……”的句型。 或者在看图时可以谈论水果的种类和价格,进而引出价格的说法和对价格高低的比较。 Step7: 看书中第六幅图,小男孩和妈妈买了什么样的香蕉?你觉得他为什么把一根香 蕉放在他的嘴前面? 说明:这里香蕉用了量词“根”,让学生知道香蕉的量词。量词是汉语学习的一个难点。 通过猜测小男孩把香蕉放在他嘴前面的目的,还可以讨论哥哥对妹妹(兄弟姐妹之间) 的感情,因为在犹他州一般都是大家庭,学生会对这方面深有体会,他们会很有兴趣谈 论。 Step8: 看书中第七幅图,妈妈和小男孩在买什么?看妈妈的篮子里好像已经有很多鸡 蛋了。你觉得他们为什么买那么多鸡蛋? 说明:这里的问题“为什么买那么多鸡蛋?”引起学生的思考,为下文送红鸡蛋埋下伏 笔。 Step9: 看书中第八幅图,小男孩在想什么?你觉得他为什么要算人数? 说明:这里的问题“小男孩为什么算人数?”还是为下文送红鸡蛋埋下伏笔。 Step10: 看书中第九幅图,小男孩为什么又把一根玉米放在他的嘴前面?再看看小婴儿 的表情。你觉得小男孩的肚子为什么叫了?推测一下接下来,他们要做什么? 说明:这里玉米也用了量词“根”,让学生知道玉米的量词跟香蕉的一样。一般来说细 长的东西常用量词“根”。同时使用了“推测”一词,增加学生词汇。 这一学习环节旨在锻炼学生的分析和推测能力。 Step11:通过看图说话,你觉得这是一个什么样的故事?说说你的感想。简单讲一下故 事的开头和中间。很显然故事的结尾还没有讲到,你可以推测一下故事的结尾吗? 说明:可以让程度好的学生说说故事的开头和中间,来锻炼他们的概括能力。对结尾的 推测,可以锻炼他们的逻辑思维能力和口语表达能力!对程度好的学生是很好的能力的 锻炼。 Day 3: Reading 阅读 目标:1. 我知道重叠词的用法。 Differentiation in DLI Classrooms 56 2.我可以对课文问问题和回答同学的问题。 Step1:Pair Work 学生 AB 两人一组做找字游戏。我会准备一张字的列表,在不让学生看到字的情况下, 每次说出一个字,学生快速浏览课文,两人中能更快找出这个字的学生可以得一分。最 后先得到 20 分的学生是第一名,以此类推可以得到第二名、第三名…… 适合六七年级学生的字表是:刚,笑,非,跟,婴,儿,样,期,第,请,饭,漂,蛋, 糕,鸡, 听,气,带,买,帮,叫,选,黄,绿,嘴,根,脸,国,数,共,肚,食, 物,饿,饺,发,然,事,服,玉,米。 说明:这一任务的目的是练习学生的快速浏览文本的能力,即略读的能力。同时也帮助 学生复习和回想以前学过的字。对于六七年级水平的学生我大部分选的是课文中出现 的在五年级学过的词汇和一些灰色的暂时没学的但是以前口头说过的词汇。 Step2:Small Group Work 学生四人或五人一组在一起预读课文。每人轮流大声读一段课文,遇到自己不会读的字 就用铅笔圈出来,遇到自己不能理解的字词就在其下面划线。 读完后,小组成员间一起讨论他们所有人圈出的字的读音,通过小组内的互相帮助可以 把自己不会读的字的拼音写在字的上面,如果小组内还是有不能解决或不把握的字,就 把他们写在教室的白板上,以便之后全班一起讨论解决。 所有小组都读完后,就那些划线的不理解的字词向其他小组提问,通过小组间的互相帮 助可以解决一些字词,比如那些已经学过但是一部分学生忘记的字词。那些不能解决的 字词老师会在全班学生面前统一讲解。 说明:这一任务的目的是帮助学生找到自己学过但忘记的字词,通过学生之间的互相帮 助回想起他们的读音和意思。这一学习过程可以鼓励学生们进行回想,相互学习和互相 帮助。那些学生和小组之间解决不了的字词,由老师来统一处理。 六七年级水平的学生他们的识字能力都比较强,他们可以利用这一学习活动一起讨论 在本章节中他们不把握的字词,同时也可以讨论和解决灰色的字词,这些字词是将来要 学习的,这样一来他们不会被局限于当前的针对于五年级水平的文本中。 Step3:老师大声领读课文,讲解学生不懂的字或词,特别是新生字词。 老师大声地一句一句地朗读课文,让学生跟读,模仿老师的发音和语音语调。 本单元共有十三个新字:米,菜,鸡,蛋,饺,饿,香,蕉,黄,绿,舒,客,儿 其中“米,鸡蛋,饿,香蕉,黄,绿,儿”这些字,学生在口语中经常使用,所以很好 理解,对于剩下的“菜,饺子的饺,舒服的舒,客人的客”也都很好理解,我会在领读 时给学生解释新字和灰色字的意思,并给学生展示图片来帮助学生理解。 在领读过程中,向学生提问,为什么老师要这样断句和停顿?为什么老师要用这样的语 音语调?与学生讨论断句和语调的心得。 Differentiation in DLI Classrooms 57 说明:老师大声领读课文,是学习阅读的一个重要步骤。一是可以给学生不会读的字正 音,二是可以教给学生正确停顿和断句,三是可以让学生模仿正确的语音语调。同时在 读课文时讲解新字或是灰色字的意思是很有必要的,因为只有在课文的文本中,才能更 准确地理解新字词的含义。 对于六七年级水平的学生,在正确理解字词的基础上,通过对断句,停顿和语音语调的 进一步学习,即找出其原因,可以帮助学生更深一步探究中文句式,更好地理解不同语 境下人物的内心活动。 Step4:重点讲解本书中出现的语法点。 1. 让学生找出本章节中出现的重叠词。先讲什么是重叠词,就是用相同的字词组 成新词,来表示强调。先在本章节中找出重叠词,“是不是,刚刚好,红红火 火”。 2. 老师讲解在重叠词中,很多 ABA 式的重叠词是用来问问题的,比如是不是,好 不好……而 AABB 式重叠词比如红红火火则是为了强调。 3. 可以试着让学生想一想还有哪些重叠词是他们能想到的。ABA 式的重叠词比如 行不行,来不来,去不去,大不大,沉不沉,高不高……; AABB 式重叠词比如 大大小小,前前后后,左左右右,上上下下,高高矮矮,七七八八,马马虎 虎…… 4. 但是需要跟学生强调的是,在“让笑笑笑一下”中,前面的笑笑是妹妹的名字 是名词,在中国很多小朋友的小名是重叠词,是给小朋友的昵称,而这里的第 三个笑是动词。 5. 让学生拿出自己的中文语法笔记本,大家一起把想到的重叠词记在上面。 6. 让学生想一下这些重叠词在句中怎么用?这是对六七年级水平的学生的特殊要 求 老师先给出自己的例子:我们去公园踢足球,好不好? 你星期六去不去看电影? 现在我们大家的日子过得红红火火。 这个饭店的生意做得红红火火。 让学生造自己的句子,老师来讲解修改。 说明:重叠词中,很多 ABA 式的重叠词是用来问问题的,比如是不是,好不好,行不行, 来不来……而红红火火则是为了强调。另外中文笔记本的好处是可以让学生把学过的 语法、例句积累下来,便于之后常常温故复习和加深理解。 重叠词是第一次讲,水平在六七年级的学生也需要系统的学习,但针对他们的程度,我 加了一个学习步骤,就是用重叠词造句子,加深对重叠词的理解和应用。 Step5:将全班学生分成两组,A 组和 B 组。一组读一句课文,每组的学生依次轮流读课 文中的句子。如果其中一组的学生有读错的字音,另外一组的学生可以举手纠正,这样 纠正对读音的一组可以得一分,最后课文读完时得分更多的一组赢。 说明:这一任务的目的是在检测学生在跟读老师朗读后对读音准确的掌握。而且这次对 字音的检测是全班同学一起,并且以比赛的形式进行的,所以学生们会更加集中精力。 Differentiation in DLI Classrooms 58 这一学习环节适用于任何程度的学生。 Step6: 全班 AB 两组从第一段课文开始互相提问,相互回答问题。比如,A 组提出一个 好的问题,可以加一分,如果 B 组回答对了,也可以的一分。但是如果问题不成立则减 一分,对方回答不好也要减一分。两组都会现有十分的基础分。 说明:这一学习任务是帮助学生更好地理解课文。小组间相互提问和回答会促进学生对 所读课文的思考,比老师提问学生回答更能帮助学生对课文的理解。 Day 4: Reading 阅读 学习背景:昨天学生已经在几个学习活动中阅读了本章节的课文,对所有出现的字词特 别是新字词已经进行了初步的学习,包括新生字的读音和在文中的意思。但是新生字还 是需要老师带领着进行更进一步的学习。 目标:1. 我会用新生字组词和造句。 2.我会写新生字。 Step1: 把打印好的新生字的闪卡展示给学生看,让学生辨认每个字的读音,特别是字 的声调。 说明:声调是学生掌握新生字时的一个难点,我发现即使是水平在六七年级的学生也常 常觉得声调是他们学习汉字时的难点。先让学生自己读,然后老师再纠正不正确的声调。 当老师在纠正声调时,可以将四个声调都读出来,让学生仔细听和辨认哪一个才是正确 的。这样让学生自己先思考声调,老师再纠正的过程,更有利于学生加深对这些字的正 确声调的印象。 老师领读新生字,在领读过程中,加入词组。 比如,饺-饺子,饺-水饺,饺-蛋饺;米-大米,米-红米,米-玉米; 菜-青菜,菜-白菜,菜-蔬菜;鸡-小鸡,鸡-公鸡,鸡-母鸡; 蛋-鸡蛋,蛋-蛋黄,蛋-蛋白;饿-很饿,饿-不饿,饿-饥饿; 香-香蕉,香-香水,香-香气;蕉-香蕉,蕉-芭蕉,蕉-蕉农; 黄-黄色,黄-金黄,黄-黄河;绿-绿色,绿-绿叶,绿-绿灯; 舒-舒服,舒-舒展,舒-舒适;客-客人,客-做客,客-客家; 儿-儿子,儿-一会儿,儿-小孩儿 说明:在领读生字的过程中,加入词组,可以帮助学生扩大词汇量。 对于水平较高的学生可以先让他们头脑风暴自己先回想有关这些新生字的词组,老师 Differentiation in DLI Classrooms 59 可以帮忙把它们写在白板上。之所以他们可以想起来是因为以前曾听到过老师的口语 中用到过这些词汇。这会有助于学生将以前的记忆与现在的新知相联系,帮助理解和记 忆新生字词。 Step2: 造句,老师先用这些生字造句,然后让学生把自己造的句子说给旁边其他的同 学听,最后找学生在全班同学面前分享。因为是高水平的学生所以我要求他们造的句子 必须是长的含有连接词的句子。到现在为止我们在五年级已经学了很多连接词了,比如 因为……所以……; 不但……而且……; 虽然……但是……; 一边……一边……; 如 果……就……; 等等。我要求这些学生要用连词和这些生字造比较长的句子。 然后我 会评价学生们造的句子对不对,讲解不对的怎样改正。 说明:这里运用了 I do- We do- You do 的方法示范造句,便于学生学习。 对于六七年级水平的学生如果一直可以说或者造带有各种连词的长句,对他们学习中 文来说是一个很好的锻炼,同时也可以帮他们为 AP 中文考试做初步的准备。 Step3: 老师在白板上教授怎么写这些新生字。先分析字的结构,然后让六七年级水平 的学生先说说如果是自己第一次写这些新生字会按怎样的笔划顺序去写,在学生说完 后老师可以根据笔顺的规则给学生讲一讲他们刚才的笔顺为什么对和为什么不对。教 授书写新生字的笔顺和笔画。老师先写三遍学生认真看,然后老师找一个学生到前面白 板上写,大家一起看笔顺笔画对不对,最后学生们自己写。 说明:这里教书写生字也运用了 I do- We do- You do 的方法,便于学生观察学习。 笔顺是书写汉字的一个难点,每次教写字前都可以说说笔顺的基本法则,即从上到下; 从左到右,先横后竖,先撇后捺,先外后里,先外后里再封口,先中间后两边。让水平 高的学生先自己说出自己认为的新生字的笔顺,有利于增进学生对于笔顺的思考,更快 地掌握笔顺规则,下次可以更快地写出正确笔顺的新生字。 Step4: 三分钟阅读比赛。给每一个学生发一张标出每行带有统计字数的课文纸。学生 AB 两人一组,老师先设定三分钟让学生 A 先读,在阅读过程中,B 会在 A 的课文纸上圈 出 A 读错或不会读的字,三分钟到时,B 在 A 读的最后一个字的后面划一道竖线,并为 A 写出他在三分钟中之内一共读了多少个字。然后老师再设定三分钟,这次让学生 B 读, A 为其做同样的事。最后比一比看 AB 两人在三分钟谁读得字最多,谁读得字都对。老 师可以设定几轮三分钟的比赛,让学生尽量把全部课文再读一遍。 说明:三分钟阅读是我们的一个长期的阅读训练,学生会在一张绘制的表上记录下自己 每次读的结果,比如读得字数和正确率。我们可以选用柱状图或是波状图都可以。我的 班级他们是用柱状图标注自己读得字数的多少,而用波状图来标注自己阅读的正确率。 这样可以看到每个人在五年级一整年中阅读的成长过程。水平在六七年级的学生也要 进行三分钟阅读比赛,这是我们对每个不同层次的学生的共同要求。 Step5: 准备分角色表演。布置一项作业是全班学生分成五组,每组大约四五个人,分 角色来表演这一章节的故事。确定每组中有旁白,小明,小明的爸爸,小明的妈妈,小 明的妹妹,五个角色,但是其中小明的妹妹是没有台词的,所以妹妹的角色可以由同组 中饰演另一个角色的学生同时扮演。同学们在表演时要把角色的台词说清楚,肢体表演 Differentiation in DLI Classrooms 60 要到位,还要有面部表情,神情要到位。把分角色表演的规则讲明白,然后让每组学生 在课下可以都多多演练。 说明:分角色扮演,是对学生阅读课文后一项比较难的练习任务。在这项学习活动中学 生只有在充分理解课文的基础上,才能表演出来。同时表演还涉及表情,动作,语言等 各方面。 这一学习任务适用于任何水平的学生。 Step6: 以小组为单位集体讨论中美小朋友过生日的相同点和不同点。通过 ThinkPair-Share 让所有的学生都有机会参与讨论和汇报。呈现出的汇报的语言输出必须有 一定的语言逻辑顺序,这是对水平较高的学生的重要要求。 说明:汇报中美小朋友过生日的相同点和不同点对于水平较高的学生来说应该不难,但 是我要求他们说出的语言段落要有一定的逻辑性,能遵循合理的结构。我会先听他们说, 根据说的结果给出总结性评价。如果说的逻辑性不强,结构不太合理,我会给出几个他 们可以运用的结构,比如总-分,总-分-总等让他们再重新练习汇报。 Step7: 准备有关中国文化中对宝宝 “满月” 、“百日”和“周岁”庆祝的课外阅读 资料,包括宝宝满月的时候,父母邀请亲朋好友来吃“满月酒”,宝宝百天的时候会邀 请亲戚朋友来吃“百日宴”,和宝宝一周岁的时候给宝宝“庆生抓周”等活动。将学生 分成三组,每组可以选取“满月酒”、“百日宴”和“抓周”中的一个,用 PPT,画画, 海报等方式来汇报。今天需要给学生多一些时间来准备,小组内所有的成员都要做到各 有分工,各尽其责。汇报的形式可以是口头的也可以是书面的。老师可以提议每个小组 推选出自己的正副小组长,在做好自己工作的同时可以更好地监督每位组员的职责履行 情况。 说明:这一评价性任务主要考查水平较高学生的阅读能力、自学能力和语言组织能力。 我感觉目前的课文已不能满足水平处于六七年级的学生,所以补充一些课外中国文化 阅读资料不但可以锻炼他们的阅读和自学能力,而且可以扩充学生的中国文化方面的 知识,这样的学习活动对于他们将来准备中文 AP 考试会很有帮助。 基于这些课外文本的难易程度,我会适当标注一些词汇的拼音,以此来帮助学生们理解。 Day 5: Post-Reading 阅读后 目标:我可以和小组的同学一起做口头或是书面的汇报,讲“满月酒” 、 “百日宴” 或 “抓周” 中的一个有关生日的文化现象。 Step1: 让学生用平板电脑登录 Kleki.com 来练习自己写本单元的生字 。(Kleki 是一 个具有类似白板功能的用来在上面书写的网站平台,学生可以选用任何颜色,粗细线条, 各种背景颜色图案等,而且用平板电脑学生可以用触屏来手写和画) 首先,老师说一个新生字,比如“饺”,学生回想老师教授写“饺”字,然后自己写三 Differentiation in DLI Classrooms 61 个“饺”字,并写三个拼音。写完后举起平板电脑给我看,我会告诉学生他们写得对不 对,不对的我会帮他们改正。 然后,老师说出关于“饺”字的词组,比如“水饺”,学生听到后自己写出来。老师来 评判和改正。 最后,老师说一个“饺”字的句子,比如“虽然我已经吃了是个水饺,但是我还是很饿。”, 学生听到后写出来,标点要正确。老师来评判和改正。 说明:这个学习任务实际上是评估学生对新生字词句书写的掌握。先从字开始,到词组 再到句子是一个难度逐步增加的过程,符合学生的认知能力,中文学习中听说读写都很 重要,阅读后再加深一下学生写的练习,我觉得很有必要。 对于水平高的学生我会在写句子时让他们写更多的四五年级学过的字词,旨在加大对 这些较难的字词的复习。同时会让他们写更多带有复杂连词的句子,这同时也会帮助他 们准备将来的中文 AP 考试。 Step2: 学生继续用平板电脑去 quizizz.com 网站上做两个测试一个是有关本章节字词 读音的测试,另一个是有关本章节课文理解的。(quizizz 网站是一个老师们可以设计 很多考试问题的网站,考试的形式可以是填空,单项选择,多项选择,搭配,排序,开 放式问题等等。老师需要提前设定问题和答案,这样在学生做此题时系统会自动给予评 分,所以它是老师们快速检测学生的一种好的方式。) 1. 第一个测试是有关本章节的字词读音的,我在测试中设计了很多有关新生字词 的读音问题,让学生作答。旨在评估学生对本章节字词拼音、声调和断句等的 掌握。 2. 第二个测试是有关本章节课文理解的,我在测试中设计了很多有关课文内容理 解的问题,以文字叙述题干有时也伴有图片助生理解。旨在评估学生对课文内 容理解是否透彻。 说明:这个评估任务是在学生阅读后的一个必要步骤。评估的目的是找到学生还没有掌 握的字词的读音和课文理解的难点,给学生再做解析,以帮助学生改正错误读音和错误 理解。这一评估环节适用于任何程度的学生。 Step3: 根据 quizizz 上测试的学生的易错点,把这些字的读音给学生再做讲解和纠正, 把学生对课文理解的难点再做解析,以帮助学生分析易错点和难点,以求进步。之后学 生可以自由问问题,说出自己的疑惑,老师负责一一解答,以求消除学生的疑惑。 说明:这个学习步骤是帮助学生答疑解惑的,以帮助学生消除包括所有读音和意义理解 方面的问题。同时如果学生在某个或某几个问题上错的比较多,老师就应该好好反思一 下,是不是在教授学生的时候在方法、策略或是所用材料等方面存在问题,以便在之后 的教课过程中不断改进。 我常常让水平较高的学生先来回答其他学生提出的问题,如果回答比较好,说明他们已 经掌握了这些知识点,我会稍作总结。如果回答不上来,说明这些问题中的知识点,也 是这些水平在六七年级的学生还没掌握的,我会着重再讲解一遍,直到大家都听明白和 Differentiation in DLI Classrooms 62 理解了。 Step4: 本章节的评价性任务汇报。在汇报前给学生发放汇报打分表,以便每个组在看 完所有组汇报后给除自己组以外的其他组打分。汇报开始,以小组为单位,先让学生说 明自己的组选择的是 “满月酒” 、 “百日宴” 或 “抓周” 中的哪一个。然后让学 生一边展示制作的 PPT,画报或是海报,一边口头或是书面汇报本小组对这一文化现象 的认识和理解。等所有小组都汇报完后,学生们开始评分,如果有时间可以当场唱票, 评出最好的一二三名。 说明:本环节中打分表的设计很重要,要在学生汇报的形式和内容上有体现,还要在组 员的分工和尽责等等各方面有体现。打分表的设计方向会带动学生汇报的准备和呈现 方向。所以聪明的老师会利用打分表引导学生向他希望的方向努力。 对于水平较高的学生采用这一评估任务是有些难度的,但是基于课文文本对他们来说 太容易了,所以想给这一部分学生一些挑战。让各组选择自己喜欢的文化话题的好处是 可以在有限的时间内让学生们体验到和学习到不同内容的文化话题,这样可以在短时 间内高效地扩充学生们对于中国父母庆祝孩子们生日这一文化话题的了解和认识。 Step5: 最后让全班学生讨论通过本章节的学习,通过了解到的中国父母给宝宝过生日 的情况,可以感受到中国父母对孩子是怎样的感情?美国的父母给自己的宝宝过生日的 方式虽然跟中国有所不同,但是美国父母对孩子的感情跟中国父母一样吗?我们作为儿 子和女儿应该在日常生活中怎么办? 说明:这一环节是本章节学习中的一个情感目标。旨在让学生体会父母对孩子的深厚的 感情,进而反思我们应该怎么对待父母。希望能引起学生们的思考。这一学习任务也是 适用于任何程度的学生。 Differentiation in DLI Classrooms Appendix B: Survey for Feedback 63 Differentiation in DLI Classrooms Appendix C: IRB Approval 64 |
Format | application/pdf |
ARK | ark:/87278/s638ek6a |
Setname | wsu_smt |
ID | 114158 |
Reference URL | https://digital.weber.edu/ark:/87278/s638ek6a |