ONES, BARDELMEIER & COMPANY LIMITED BULK SHIPPING CONSULTANTS Objective economic and operational studies relating to large volume ocean bulk movements. Complete analysis of cost and other factors involved in establishing or up-dating large volume liquid or dry commodity movements by water. Much of the work for clients involves the study and application of some of the newer developments in ocean shippingthe use of very large and/or highly specialized ships such as LNG or phosphoric acid carriers: combination liquid/dry cargo vessels; self loading/self unloading types; large unmanned seagoing barges; the redistribution terminal concept utilizing extremely large vessels for the long sea haul and smaller shuttle vessels for the initial pick-up or final deliveryusually with a view to optimizing the water transportation costs. Consultants to over 70 industrial, chemical, petroleum, mining and agricultural companies throughout the world with an interest of one nature or another in large volume bulk commodity movements by sea. If you (or any of your competitors) buy, ship or sell any commodity listed on this page in shipload lots you will be interested in our services. Please write for comprehensive brochure which describes these services in detail. Partners in JAYBEECEE & Senior Consultants: Roger M. Jones, President William E. Bardelmeier, Executive Vice President William Braithwaite, Treasurer & Shipping Economist. Capt. D. R. King, Vice President & Marine Superintendent Christopher Wright, Senior Consultant MAIL: P.O. Box N7790 NASSAU, Bahamas Phones: 2-1837:2-3379 Cablea: JAYBEECEE, NASSAU Telex: NS 126 OIL COAL COKE GRAIN LIMESTONE SCRAP IRON FERRO ALLOYS SEMI FINISHED -STEEL MANGANESE ORE SUGAR LUMBER NON-FERROUS CONCENTRATES CHEMICALS FISHMEAL WOODPULP BAUXITE CEMENT GYPSUM PHOSPHATE SAND PIG IRON CHROME ORE POTASH SULPHUR IRON ORE ALFALFA PELLETS ALUMINA FERTILIZERS NEWSPRINT LPG LNG RUTILE SALT PHOSPHORIC ACID COFFEE LOGS a given output; the lower and stable price would make Spanish steelmakers more competitive and would have a stabilising effect on the domestic scrap price; it would help to improve the quality of the steel pro-duced with a certain proportion of prereduced pellets or, alternatively, would allow the use of larger amounts of poorer scrap. Electric steelworks equipment At the beginning of 1970 there were in operation in Spain a total of 50 electric arc furnaces larger than 10 tons, with a combined capacity of 2.9m. tpy and a total power of 475 mVA, equivalent to a specific power of 325 kVA/ton of nominal capacity. The distribution by size groups was as follows: 23 furnaces of 15 to 25 metric tons, 23 of 30 to 50 tons, 3 of 60 to 80 tons and one of 90 to 120 tons. The average nominal heat capacity was about 30 tons per furnace. Besides these 50 furnaces larger than 10 tons there were almost another 200 with capcities ranging from 0.5 to 7 tons, making steel for castings and small forgings. The number of new furnaces likely to be installed up to about 1977, according to published expansion schemes of steel companies, will be about 44 with a total capacity of about 5.7m. tpy. The power input has been estimated at 1,325 mVA, which would correspond to a specific power of about 515 kVA/ton of nominal capacity. As for sizes, it seems probable that the distribution would be as follows: 30 furnaces between 30 and 50 tons; 6 of 60 to 80 tons; 5 of 90 to 120 and 3 of 120 to 150 tons, which would correspond to an average nominal capacity of 60 tons per furnace. From this distribution several highly significant facts emerge: within this decade the first furnaces larger than 120 tons will be installed for making low carbon steels in large tonnages; 100-ton furnaces are becoming a general rule for steelworks aiming at an ultimate capacity of at least 300 to 400,000 tpy; the 60 to 80-ton size is spreading and seems to be the limit for steelworks devoted primarily to the manufacture of special and alloy steel in the form of ingots for rolling; the 30 to 50-ton furnace appears to be the most commonly selected size by medium-sized steelworks with ultimate capacities of 100 to 200,000 tpy, because they suit the requirements of quite small heats and short cycles, for continuous casting of products of small cross sec-tion; it is not likely that furnaces smaller than 30 tons will be installed in works other than steel foundries, or for some special application. The accomplishment of Spain's ambitious plan to in-crease the output of electric arc steel by about 5.5m. to 6m. tpy by 1980 will require considerable invest-ment. The new furnaces and, in many cases, the new melting shops, will demand the investment of about Ptas.8,000m. (US $115m.), or the equivalent of Ptas. 1,400 (US $20) per tpy of installed capacity. On the other hand, direct reduction plants, with a capacity of not less than 2m. tpy by 1980, will take another Ptas. 4,900m. (US $70m.), or the equivalent of Ptas. 2,450 (US $35) per tpy of sponge iron. Although these figures are considerable, it is worth remembering that the in-stallation of equivalent capacity using the blast furnace/ LD route, supposing the availability of iron ore and coking coal would allow it, would cost at least 40/60% more. But this is not the case and the production of the other 60% by that route is already causing con-siderable difficulties of supply, affecting Spain's trade balance and dependence on overseas sources. Compared to this prospect, the combination of direct reduc-tion plus electric arc furnace shows the advantages of a lower investment, the possibility of diverting the production to smaller, but efficient and profitable units, and of using domestic iron ore and coal AUGUST, 1971 15