complete attention, fiddling with a watch. All this nonverbal feedback allows the speaker to infer whether the message is being communicated to the listener. Situation Communication occurs in a context called the situation—the time, place, and occasion in which the message sending and receiving occurs. The situation can determine what kind of message is appropriate. Only certain kinds of messages and speakers are acceptable at funerals, debates, elementary school meetings, court hearings, and dedications. Noise Interference or obstacles—can be internal, in which case it can be mental—daydreaming or worry—or physical—headache or illness. Internal noise is unique to the individual. Noise also can be external, in which case it can be auditory (a jackhammer outside the window) or visual (sunlight in your eyes). External noise can affect one or more, or many; it is not unique to the individual. What are the Four Modes of Delivery? The four modes of delivering a presentation are: (1) extemporaneous, (2) memorized, (3) manuscript, and (4) impromptu. Each mode is appropriate for different topics, audiences, speakers, and situations. Extemporaneous In the extemporaneous mode, a presenter often delivers a presentation from a key word outline or from brief notes. This mode of delivery is most commonly taught in the public speaking classroom. It advantages far outweigh the disadvantages for the beginning public 6