United States that is denied us in Japan. This close cooperation between business and government in Japan ties in closely with the fourth problem area, which is the fact that business in Japan is organized to compete against the outside world, putting to national interest above those of the individual company. This takes many forms - the companies in an industry joining together to buy as a unit, the control of foreign firms attempting to do business in Japan, Japanese export pricing incentives the many faceted role of MITI. Whatever the form, the reaction of U. S. companies is that the effect is unfair competition, for the U. S. Company is largely left to fight alone with no special assistance from its own government and usually prohibited from uniting with its competitors. While the U. S. firm feels on equal footing in competing with an individual Japanese firm, it feels it is required to compete with the "greater company of Japan", and this changes the odds in favor of the Japanese. Finally let me comment on joint ventures between Japanese and American companies. Some of these have been very satisfactory; others have not. Many U. S. firms really want their own business in Japan or anywhere else for that matter, and do not welcome being forced into a partnership with a Japanese company and particularly so on the terms that may be dictated by MITI. We make no such demands of foreign companies entering the U. S. markets and feel that this is a form of - 7 -