| OCR Text |
Show LETRS based spelling curriculum 15 specific to a particular written language (Bowers & Bowers, 2017). It is also sometimes referred to as graphotactic features, which means that it has sound rules contrary to the basic alphabetic rules (Treiman, 2017). Students can build orthographic awareness by visualizing similarities across groups of words, regardless of their pronunciation. Teaching orthographic awareness involves helping students to build memory of common or uncommon letter strings, grouping similar spelling words helps students with this. Students can be explicitly taught that the positioning of certain speech sounds within words determines how they are orthographically represented (Daffern, 2017). Explicit instruction is the most likely to increase the rate of orthographic growth. An implicit exposure to print can also increase awareness (Daffern & Ramful, 2020; Treiman, 2017). Orthographic knowledge sometimes does not always follow a pattern but develops over time through exposure to print (Treiman, 2017). For example, even though a student may know that various letter patterns can represent the same phoneme, the students may not know which of these choices is appropriate when applying it to a specific word. Therefore, sometimes a nonsense word or pseudo-word will be accompanied by a real-word measure in order to make an adequate judgment of a student’s spelling ability; this type of assessment is also seen in reading assessments. For example, homophone words are words that sound similar but have completely different spellings (Daffern, 2017). The transparency of a language refers to the one-to-one mapping of letters and sounds (phonology). In highly transparent languages such as Finnish, Italian and Spanish, there is an almost one-to-one mapping between letters and sounds. These languages are an example of shallow orthography. English has a complex or deep orthography since only 56% of its words can be predicted by phonological rules(Devonshireet al., 2013).There are multiple ways to |
