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Show LETRS based spelling curriculum 16 spell everyphonemein English, and most letters also have multiple pronunciations depending on their position in a word and the context.Therefore,it is claimed that reading and spelling may be easier with transparent languages because these languages only require students to learn one-to-one relationships between written words. Evidence supports this claim. Finnish children read with 90% accuracy after a very short period of formal instruction, while English students take four or five years to achieve the same level of accuracy. Fourteen European languages were compared. Their findings revealed striking differences between languages. At the end of first grade, English-speaking students had low scores with only 34% correct words in reading. Students learning to read in transparent orthographies such as German, Finnish, Greek, Italian, and Spanish, had high scores(D evonshire et al., 2013). Morphological Approach Morphology is the study of words and their parts. Morphemes include prefixes, suffixes and base words. They are the smallest meaningful units of meaning. Morphemes are important for vocabulary, comprehension and phonics in both reading and spelling. Morphology is a major characteristic in spelling. Free morphemes are words with nothing added to them and can stand alone such as words like dog, nice and book. Bound morphemes are morphemes that can’t stand alone and must be connected to another morpheme to form a word. Bound morphemes have two types: inflectional morphemes and derivational morphemes. Inflectional morphemes can change what a word does in terms of grammar, but does not create a new word. One common example is when a word is changed to a plural word with as added -s or -es. Derivational morphemes create new words by either changing the meaning or the part of speech by adding prefixes and suffixes. A common example is when un- is added to the beginning of the word, changing the meaning (Daffern & Ramful, 2020; Pittman et al., 2022). |
